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Tacitus · Germania

Germania 43

Peoples beyond the mountains; the Harii

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Germ. 43.1Retrō Marsignī, Cotinī, Osī, Būrī terga Marcomanōrum Quadōrumque claudunt.Behind them the Marsigni, Cotini, Osi and Buri close in the rear of the Marcomani and Quadi. Germ. 43.1Ē quibus Marsignī et Būrī sermōne cultūque Suēbōs referunt: Cotinōs Gallica, Osōs Pannonica lingua coarguit nōn esse Germānōs, et quod tribūta patiuntur.Of these the Marsigni and Buri resemble the Suebi in speech and way of life: the Cotini are proved by their Gallic language, the Osi by their Pannonian, not to be Germans, and also because they submit to tributes. Germ. 43.2Partem tribūtōrum Sarmatae, partem Quadī ut aliēnigenīs impōnunt: Cotinī, quō magis pudeat, et ferrum effodiunt.Part of the tribute is imposed on them by the Sarmatians, part by the Quadi, as on foreigners: the Cotini, to their greater shame, even mine iron. Germ. 43.2Omnēsque hī populī pauca campestrium, cēterum saltūs et verticēs montium īnsēdērunt.And all these peoples have settled on little of the plain, but for the rest on the forest passes and mountain heights. Germ. 43.3Dirimit enim scinditque Suēbiam continuum montium iugum, ultrā quod plūrimae gentēs agunt, ex quibus lātissimē patet Lugiōrum nōmen in plūrēs cīvitātēs diffūsum.For Suebia is divided and cut through by a continuous ridge of mountains, beyond which live very many peoples, of whom the name of the Lugii extends most widely, spread over several states.

Germ. 43.3Valentissimās nōmināsse sufficiet, Hariōs, Helvecōnas, Manimōs, Helisiōs, Naharvalōs.It will be enough to have named the most powerful, the Harii, Helvecones, Manimi, Helisii and Naharvali. Germ. 43.4Apud Naharvalōs antīquae religiōnis lūcus ostenditur.Among the Naharvali a grove of ancient worship is shown. Germ. 43.4Praesidet sacerdōs muliebrī ōrnātū, sed deōs interpretātiōne Rōmānā Castorem Pollūcemque memorant.A priest in women's attire presides, but the gods they speak of, in Roman interpretation, are Castor and Pollux. Germ. 43.4Ea vīs nūminī, nōmen Alcis.Such is the character of the divinity; the name is Alci. Germ. 43.4Nūlla simulācra, nūllum peregrīnae superstitiōnis vestīgium;There are no images, no trace of foreign superstition; Germ. 43.5ut frātrēs tamen, ut iuvenēs venerantur.yet it is as brothers, as young men, that they are worshipped. Germ. 43.5Cēterum Hariī super vīrēs, quibus ēnumerātōs paulō ante populōs antecēdunt, trucēs īnsitae feritātī arte ac tempore lēnōcinantur: nigra scūta, tincta corpora;But the Harii, besides the strength by which they surpass the peoples just listed, are fierce, and they enhance their natural savagery by art and timing: black shields, dyed bodies; Germ. 43.5ātrās ad proelia noctēs legunt ipsāque formīdine atque umbrā fērālis exercitūs terrōrem īnferunt, nūllō hostium sustinente novum ac velut īnfernum aspectum;they choose dark nights for battle, and by the very dread and shadow of a ghostly army they strike terror, no enemy withstanding a sight so strange and, as it were, hellish; Germ. 43.5nam prīmī in omnibus proeliīs oculī vincuntur.for in all battles the eyes are conquered first.

Germ. 43.6Trāns Lugiōs Gotonēs regnantur, paulō iam adductius quam cēterae Germānōrum gentēs, nōndum tamen suprā lībertātem.Beyond the Lugii the Gotones are ruled by kings, a little more tightly now than the other peoples of the Germans, yet not yet beyond the point of freedom. Germ. 43.6Prōtinus deinde ab Oceanō Rugiī et Lemoviī;Then immediately, by the Ocean, come the Rugii and Lemovii; Germ. 43.6omniumque hārum gentium īnsigne rotunda scūta, brevēs gladiī et ergā rēgēs obsequium.and the mark of all these peoples is round shields, short swords and obedience towards their kings.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (140 words)
retrō (adv.)backwards, behind, from behind
tergum, -ī, n.back
que, enclitic conj.and
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
cultus, -ūs m.way of life; civilization, refinement
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
Gallicus, -a, -umGallic, of Gaul
Pannonicus, -a, -umPannonian, of Pannonia
lingua, -ae f.tongue; language
coarguō, -ere, -uīexpose, prove guilty, denounce
nōn, adv.not
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quod, conj.that, in that, because
tribūtum, -ī, n.contribution, tribute
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
aliēnigena, -ae m.foreigner, stranger; as adj., foreign
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
pudet, -ēre, puduit (impers.)it shames, one is ashamed
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
effodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossusdig out; gouge out
omnis, -eall, every
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
populus, -ī m.people, nation
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
campester, -tris, -treof the plain, flat, level
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
saltus, -ūs m.wooded pass, forest glade, woodland
vertex, -icis m.top of the head, crown; summit
mōns, montis, m.mountain
īnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessussettle on; become fixed in
dirimō, -ere, dirēmī, dirēmptumbreak off, interrupt
enim, conj.for
scindō, -ere, scidī, scissumtear down, cut
continuus, -a, -umcontinuous, successive
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
lātēwidely
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
diffundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour forth, spread or shed abroad, diffuse
valēns, -entisstrong, powerful
nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumname, mention
sufficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectusbe enough, hold out; supply
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
antīquus, -a, -umancient
religiō, -ōnis f.religious scruple, religious duty
lūcus, -ī m.sacred grove
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
praesideō, -sidēre, -sēdīsit in front of; guard, protect, preside over (+ dat.)
sacerdōs, -dōtis, m. and f.priest, priestess
muliebris, -eof a woman, womanly; (n. pl.) a woman's part
ōrnātus, -ūs m.decoration, adornment
sed, conj.but
deus, -ī, m.god
interpretātiō, -ōnis f.interpretation, explanation; meaning
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
memorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusremind of, mention
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
nūmen, -inis n.divine power, divinity
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
simulācrum, -ī n.image, statue
peregrīnus, -ī, m.stranger, foreigner
superstitiō, -ōnis f.superstition, irrational religious fear
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
frāter, frātris, m.brother
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
veneror, -ārī, -ātus sumworship, revere
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
ēnumerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount up; list, recount
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
antecēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo before; surpass
trux, trucissavage, fierce, grim
īnsitus, -a, -umimplanted, innate, natural
feritās, -ātis f.wildness, savagery
ars, artis, f.art
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
lēnōcinor, -ārī, -ātus sumpander to; make attractive, enhance; flatter
niger, nigra, nigrumblack
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
tingō, tingere, tinxī, tinctuswet, soak, dye
corpus, corporis, n.body
āter, ātra, ātrumblack, dark; gloomy
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
nox, noctis, f.night
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
fērālis, -eof the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
veluteven or just as, as
īnfernus, -a, -umbelow, of the underworld; (pl. as noun) the gods below
aspectus, -ūs m.look, appearance; sight
nam, conj.for
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
oculus, -ī, m.eye
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
trāns, prep. with acc.across, over
regnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreign, rule
iam, adv.now, already
adductē (adv.)tightly, strictly; adductius: more strictly
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
nōndum, adv.not yet
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
prōtinus (adv.)straight on; at once
deinde, adv.then, next
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
īnsigne, -is n.badge, mark, decoration
rotundus, -a, -umround, circular
brevis, -eshort
gladius, -ī, m.sword
ergā, prep, with acc.toward, for
rēx, rēgis, m.king
obsequium, -ī n.compliance, obedience; service (to a god): obsequium praestāre Deō
Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.