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Tacitus · Germania

Germania 43

Peoples beyond the mountains; the Harii

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1Behind them the Marsigni, Cotini, Osi and Buri close in the rear of the Marcomani and Quadi. 1Of these the Marsigni and Buri resemble the Suebi in speech and way of life: the Cotini are proved by their Gallic language, the Osi by their Pannonian, not to be Germans, and also because they submit to tributes. 2Part of the tribute is imposed on them by the Sarmatians, part by the Quadi, as on foreigners: the Cotini, to their greater shame, even mine iron. 2And all these peoples have settled on little of the plain, but for the rest on the forest passes and mountain heights. 3For Suebia is divided and cut through by a continuous ridge of mountains, beyond which live very many peoples, of whom the name of the Lugii extends most widely, spread over several states.

3It will be enough to have named the most powerful, the Harii, Helvecones, Manimi, Helisii and Naharvali. 4Among the Naharvali a grove of ancient worship is shown. 4A priest in women's attire presides, but the gods they speak of, in Roman interpretation, are Castor and Pollux. 4Such is the character of the divinity; the name is Alci. 4There are no images, no trace of foreign superstition; 5yet it is as brothers, as young men, that they are worshipped. 5But the Harii, besides the strength by which they surpass the peoples just listed, are fierce, and they enhance their natural savagery by art and timing: black shields, dyed bodies; 5they choose dark nights for battle, and by the very dread and shadow of a ghostly army they strike terror, no enemy withstanding a sight so strange and, as it were, hellish; 5for in all battles the eyes are conquered first.

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6Beyond the Lugii the Gotones are ruled by kings, a little more tightly now than the other peoples of the Germans, yet not yet beyond the point of freedom. 6Then immediately, by the Ocean, come the Rugii and Lemovii; 6and the mark of all these peoples is round shields, short swords and obedience towards their kings.

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Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.