| ultrā (prep. + acc.) | beyond |
| hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. | this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter |
| initium, -ī, n. | beginning |
| sēdēs, -is, f. | seat, abode |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| Hercynius, -a, -um | Hercynian (Hercynia silva: the great forest of central Germany) |
| saltus, -ūs m. | wooded pass, forest glade, woodland |
| incohō (inchoō), -āre, -āvī, -ātus | begin, start |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| ita, adv. | in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as |
| effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsus | pour out |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| palūster, -tris, -tre | marshy, swampy |
| locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n. | place, situation |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj. | the other, the remaining, the rest of |
| cīvitās, -tātis, f. | state |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| patēscō, -ere, patuī | open up, be revealed |
| dūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | harden, toughen |
| sīquidem (conj.) | if indeed; since |
| collis, -is m. | hill |
| paulātim (adv.) | little by little, gradually |
| rārēscō, -ere | grow thin, open out, become sparse |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| suus, -a, -um | his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their |
| prōsequor, -sequī, -secūtus | follow forward, follow |
| simul, adv. | at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as |
| dēpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus | put down, deposit; lay aside, give up; ē memoriā dēpōnere, to forget |
| dūrus, -a, -um | hard; harsh; difficult |
| gēns, gentis, f. | race, nation |
| corpus, corporis, n. | body |
| stringō, stringere, strinxī, strictus | draw, unsheathe |
| artūs, -uum m. pl. | joints; limbs, body |
| mināx, -ācis | threatening |
| vultus, -ūs m. | face, expression |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| vigor, -ōris m. | vigour, energy, liveliness |
| multum, -ī, n. | much |
| inter, prep, with acc. | among, between |
| ratiō, -ōnis, f. | plan, means, method, manner; reason; account |
| sollertia, -ae f. | ingenuity, resourcefulness |
| praepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum | put in command of |
| ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctum | pick out, choose |
| audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | hear; listen or attend to |
| nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtum | get to know (perf. nōvī: know) |
| ōrdō, ōrdinis, m. | arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order |
| intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctus | perceive, understand |
| occāsiō, -ōnis, f. | chance, opportunity |
| differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum | differ; scatter, put off |
| impetus, -ūs, m. | attack; impetum facere, to charge |
| dispōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum | station here and there, post |
| diēs, -ēī, m. and f. | day |
| vallō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | surround with a rampart; protect, fortify |
| nox, noctis, f. | night |
| fortūna, -ae, f. | fortune |
| dubius, -a, -um | doubtful, uncertain |
| virtūs, -tūtis, f. | manliness, courage, bravery |
| certus, -a, -um | determined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform |
| numerō (adv.) | in number (saepe numerō: very often) |
| rārus, -a, -um | scattered, few |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| nisi, conj. | if not, unless |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| disciplīna, -ae f. | training, discipline |
| concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus | grant, yield |
| plūs (adv.) | more |
| repōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positus | put or set back; store up or away |
| dux, ducis, m. and f. | leader, commander |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| exercitus, -ūs, m. | army |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| rōbur, rōboris, n. | oak |
| pedes, peditis m. | foot soldier |
| super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.) | over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| ferrāmentum, -ī n. | iron tool |
| quoque, adv. | also |
| cōpia, -ae, f. | supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops |
| onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | load, burden |
| alius, -a, -ud | another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| proelium, -ī, n. | battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle |
| eō, īre, iī, itus | go |
| videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus | see; pass., seem |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| excursus, -ūs m. | a running out, charge, sally |
| fortuītus, -a, -um | accidental, happening by chance; n. pl., accidents |
| pugna, -ae, f. | fighting, battle, combat |
| equester, -tris, -tre | of cavalry |
| sānē, adv. | certainly, by all means; very |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| proprius, -a, -um | one's own, private; characteristic (of) |
| citō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | set in motion, urge on; citātus: swift, rushing |
| parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make ready, prepare |
| victōria, -ae, f. | victory |
| cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum | go, withdraw, give way |
| vēlōcitās, -ātis f. | speed, swiftness |
| iūxtā (adv. and prep. + acc.) | nearby; next to |
| formīdō, -inis f. | fear, dread; something to be dreaded |
| cūnctātiō, -ōnis f. | delay, hesitation |
| propior, -ius | nearer (+ dat.) |
| cōnstantia, -ae f. | steadiness, firmness |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |