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Tacitus · Germania

Germania 25

Slaves and freedmen

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Germ. 25.1Cēterīs servīs nōn in nostrum mōrem dēscrīptīs per familiam ministeriīs ūtuntur: suam quisque sēdem, suōs penātēs regit.Their other slaves they do not employ in our fashion, with duties assigned throughout the household: each controls his own dwelling, his own home. Germ. 25.1Frūmentī modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis ut colōnō iniungit, et servus hāctenus pāret;The master imposes on him a quantity of grain or cattle or cloth, as on a tenant, and the slave obeys so far; Germ. 25.1cētera domus officia uxor ac līberī exequuntur.the other duties of the house are carried out by the wife and children. Germ. 25.2Verberāre servum ac vinculīs et opere coercēre rārum: occīdere solent, nōn disciplīnā et sevēritāte, sed impetū et īrā, ut inimīcum, nisi quod impūne est.To flog a slave or to punish him with chains and hard labour is rare: they often kill one, not through discipline and severity, but in a fit of passion and anger, as they would an enemy, except that it goes unpunished. Germ. 25.3Lībertī nōn multum suprā servōs sunt, rārō aliquod mōmentum in domō, numquam in cīvitāte, exceptīs dumtaxat iīs gentibus quae regnantur.Freedmen are not much above slaves, rarely of any weight in the household, never in the state, except only among those peoples that are ruled by kings.

Germ. 25.3Ibi enim et super ingenuōs et super nōbilēs ascendunt: apud cēterōs imparēs lībertīnī lībertātis argūmentum sunt.For there they rise above both the freeborn and the nobles: among the rest the inferior position of freedmen is the proof of freedom.

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Latin vocabulary for this passage (75 words)
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
nōn, adv.not
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
noster, -tra, -trumour
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
dēscrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptuswrite out; mark out, arrange, plan
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
ministerium, -ī n.service, office, duty
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
sēdēs, -is, f.seat, abode
regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctumguide, steer, rule
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
vestis, -is, f.clothing, dress, robe
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
colōnus, -ī m.settler, colonist; farmer
iniungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to; impose, inflict
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
hāctenus (adv.)thus far, up to this point; so much (and no more)
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
uxor, -ōris, f.wife
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.children
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
verberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbeat, flog
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
opus, operis, n.work, task
coerceō, -ēre, coercuī, coercitumrestrain, keep in check
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
disciplīna, -ae f.training, discipline
sevēritās, -ātis f.strictness, severity
sed, conj.but
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
inimīcus, -a, -umunfriendly, hostile
nisi, conj.if not, unless
quod, conj.that, in that, because
impūne (adv.)without punishment
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
lībertus, -ī m.freedman (a former slave, in relation to his former master)
multum, -ī, n.much
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
rārō (adv.)seldom, rarely
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
mōmentum, -ī n.weight, importance; levī mōmentō: as a slight matter
numquam, adv.never
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
dumtaxat (adv.)only, merely; at least
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
regnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreign, rule
ibi, adv.in that place, there
enim, conj.for
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
ingenuus, -a, -umfreeborn; as noun, a freeborn man
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb to, ascend, mount
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
impār, imparisunequal, ill-matched
lībertīnus, -a, -umof a freedman; as noun, freedman
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
argūmentum, -ī n.proof, evidence
Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.