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Tacitus · Germania

Germania 2

Native origins and the name 'German'

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Germ. 2.1Ipsōs Germānōs indigenās crēdiderim minimēque aliārum gentium adventibus et hospitiīs mīxtōs, quia nec terrā ōlim sed classibus advehēbantur quī mūtāre sēdēs quaerēbant, et immēnsus ultrā utque sīc dīxerim adversus Oceanus rārīs ab orbe nostrō nāvibus aditur.The Germans themselves I should judge to be native to the soil and very little mixed by arrivals and visits from other races, because in former times those who sought to change their homes came not by land but on fleets, and the Ocean beyond, boundless and, so to speak, hostile, is visited by few ships from our world. Germ. 2.2Quis porrō, praeter perīculum horridī et ignōtī maris, Asiā aut Āfricā aut Ītaliā relictā Germāniam peteret, īnfōrmem terrīs, asperam caelō, trīstem cultū aspectūque nisi sī patria sit?Who, besides, apart from the danger of a rough and unknown sea, would leave Asia or Africa or Italy and make for Germany, shapeless in its lands, harsh in its climate, grim to live in and to look upon, unless it were his fatherland? Germ. 2.3Celebrant carminibus antīquīs, quod ūnum apud illōs memoriae et annālium genus est, Tuistōnem deum terrā ēditum.In ancient songs, which are the only kind of record and annals among them, they celebrate Tuisto, a god born from the earth.

Germ. 2.3Eī fīlium Mannum orīginem gentis conditōrēsque Mannō trēs fīliōs adsignant, ē quōrum nōminibus proximī Oceanō Ingaevonēs, mediī Hermīnonēs, cēterī Istaevonēs vocentur.To him they assign a son, Mannus, as the origin and founder of the race, and to Mannus three sons, from whose names those nearest the Ocean are called Ingaevones, those in the middle Herminones, and the rest Istaevones. Germ. 2.4Quīdam, ut in licentiā vetustātis, plūrēs deō ortōs plūrēsque gentis appellātiōnēs, Marsōs Gambriviōs Suēbōs Vandiliōs adfirmant, eaque vēra et antīqua nōmina.Some, as happens in the freedom of antiquity, assert that more sons were born to the god and that there are more names of the race, Marsi, Gambrivii, Suebi, Vandilii, and that these are the true and ancient names. Germ. 2.5Cēterum Germāniae vocābulum recēns et nūper additum, quoniam quī prīmī Rhēnum trānsgressī Gallōs expulerint ac nunc Tungrī, tunc Germānī vocātī sint: ita nātiōnis nōmen, nōn gentis, ēvaluisse paulātim, ut omnēs prīmum ā victōre ob metum, mox et ā sē ipsīs inventō nōmine Germānī vocārentur.But the name of Germany, they say, is recent and lately applied, since those who first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungri, were then called Germans: thus the name of a tribe, not of a race, gradually prevailed, so that all were called Germans, first by the victor to inspire fear, and soon by themselves too, once the name had been found.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×3, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (112 words)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
indigena, -ae m./f.native (of a place); as adj. native-born
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
que, enclitic conj.and
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
hospitium, -ī, n.hospitality
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
quia (conj.)because
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
ōlim, adv.once upon a time, once, formerly, of old
sed, conj.but
classis, -is f.fleet
advehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectuscarry to; (pass.) sail to, arrive
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
sēdēs, -is, f.seat, abode
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
sīc, adv.so, thus
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
noster, -tra, -trumour
nāvis, -is, f.ship
adeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to, approach
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
porrō (adv.)further on; moreover
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
horridus, -a, -umrough, wild, frightening
ignōtus, -a, -umunknown
mare, maris, n.sea
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
īnfōrmis, -eshapeless; ugly
asper, -era, -erumrough, harsh; difficult
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
trīstis, -esad, gloomy
cultus, -ūs m.way of life; civilization, refinement
aspectus, -ūs m.look, appearance; sight
nisi, conj.if not, unless
sī, conj.if
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthrong; keep (a festival), celebrate
carmen, -minis, n.song, charm
antīquus, -a, -umancient
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
memoria, -ae, f.memory
annālis, -is m.chronicle, year-by-year history (liber annālis)
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
deus, -ī, m.god
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
fīlius, -ī, m.son
Mannus, -ī m.Mannus, son of Tuisto, legendary founder of the German peoples
orīgō, -inis f.origin, beginning, source; ancestry
conditor, -ōris m.founder
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
adsignō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassign, allot; put down to, impute to
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
vetustās, -ātis f.age, antiquity; the distant past
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
appellātiō, -ōnis f.an appeal, address, chance to speak to someone
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
vocābulum, -ī n.name, word, term
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
nūper, adv.newly, lately, recently
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
quoniam, conj.since now, since
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
expellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive out, expel
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
nunc, adv.now
tunc (adv.)then, at that time
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
nātiō, -ōnis f.people, nation; birth
nōn, adv.not
ēvalēscō, -ere, -valuīgrow strong; prevail, gain currency; be able
paulātim (adv.)little by little, gradually
omnis, -eall, every
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
mox, adv.soon
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
Tacitus, Germania. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.