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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 37

The Britons routed

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Agr. 37.1Et Britannī, quī adhūc pugnae expertēs summa collium īnsēderant et paucitātem nostrōrum vacuī spernēbant, dēgredī paulātim et circumīre terga vincentium coeperant, nī id ipsum veritus Agricola quattuor equitum alās, ad subita bellī retentās, venientibus opposuisset, quantōque ferōcius adcucurrerant, tantō ācrius pulsōs in fugam disiēcisset.And the Britons who, not yet engaged in the fight, had occupied the hilltops and, at leisure, despised our small numbers, had begun to come down gradually and to surround the rear of the victors, had not Agricola, fearing exactly this, set against them as they came four squadrons of cavalry held back for the emergencies of war, and driven them back and scattered them in flight all the more sharply for the fierceness of their charge. Agr. 37.2Ita cōnsilium Britannōrum in ipsōs versum, trānsvectaeque praeceptō ducis ā fronte pugnantium alae āversam hostium aciem invāsēre.So the Britons' plan was turned against themselves, and the squadrons, brought round from the front of the battle by the general's order, attacked the enemy line from behind. Agr. 37.2Tum vērō patentibus locīs grande et atrōx spectāculum: sequī, vulnerāre, capere, atque eōsdem oblātīs aliīs trucīdāre.Then indeed in the open ground there was a great and grim spectacle: men pursued, wounded, took prisoners, and slaughtered them when others came in their way.

Agr. 37.3Iam hostium, prōut cuique ingenium erat, catervae armātōrum pauciōribus terga praestāre, quīdam inermēs ultrō ruere ac sē mortī offerre.Now among the enemy, according to each man's character, columns of armed men fled before smaller numbers, while some, unarmed, rushed forward of their own accord and offered themselves to death. Agr. 37.3Passim arma et corpora et lacerī artūs et cruenta humus;Everywhere there were weapons and bodies and mangled limbs and bloody earth; Agr. 37.3et aliquandō etiam victīs īra virtūsque.and at times even the vanquished showed anger and courage. Agr. 37.4Postquam silvīs adpropinquāvērunt, īdem prīmōs sequentium incautōs collēctī et locōrum gnārī circumveniēbant.When they drew near the woods, they rallied and, knowing the ground, began to surround the foremost pursuers, who were off their guard. Agr. 37.4Quod nī frequēns ubīque Agricola validās et expedītās cohortīs indāginis modō et, sīcubi artiōra erant, partem equitum dīmissīs equīs, simul rāriōrēs silvās equitem persultāre iussisset, acceptum aliquod vulnus per nimiam fīdūciam foret.And had not Agricola, present everywhere, ordered strong cohorts in light order to form a ring like hunters, and, where the ground was denser, some of the cavalry to dismount, and at the same time the cavalry to scour the thinner woods, some wound would have been suffered through overconfidence.

Agr. 37.5Cēterum ubi compositōs firmīs ōrdinibus sequī rūrsus vīdēre, in fugam versī, nōn agminibus, ut prius, nec alius alium respectantēs: rārī et vītābundī in vicem longinqua atque āvia petiēre.But when they saw our men pursuing again in steady and close order, they turned to flight, not in columns as before, nor any looking out for another: scattered and avoiding one another they made for distant and trackless places. Agr. 37.6Fīnis sequendī nox et satietās fuit.The pursuit was ended by night and weariness. Agr. 37.6Caesa hostium ad decem mīlia: nostrōrum trecentī sexāgintā cecidēre, in quīs Aulus Atticus praefectus cohortis, iuvenīlī ardōre et ferōciā equī hostibus inlātus.Of the enemy some ten thousand were killed: of ours three hundred and sixty fell, among them Aulus Atticus, prefect of a cohort, who had been carried among the enemy by his youthful ardour and the spirit of his horse.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (158 words)
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
adhūc, adv.to this point, up to this time, yet, still
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
expers, -pertishaving no share in, without (+ gen. or abl.)
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
collis, -is m.hill
īnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessussettle on; become fixed in
paucitās, -ātis f.small number, scarcity
noster, -tra, -trumour
vacuus, -a, -umempty
spernō, spernere, sprēvī, sprētusdespise, scorn
dēgredior, -ī, -gressus sumgo down, come down, descend
paulātim (adv.)little by little, gradually
circumeō, -īre, -iī, -itumgo around
tergum, -ī, n.back
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
vereor, -ērī, -itusfear
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
ala, -ae, f.wing
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
subitus, -a, -umsudden
bellum, -ī, n.war
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
oppōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset against, place opposite
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
que, enclitic conj.and
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
accurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun to, come up
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
ācriter, adv.sharply, fiercely
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
fuga, -ae, f.flight
disiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow apart, scatter
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
trānsvehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectuscarry across or over
praeceptum, -ī n.instruction, order
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
frōns, frontis, f.forehead
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
tum, adv.then, at that time
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
grandis, -elarge, big
atrōx, -ōcissavage, cruel, dreadful
spectāculum, -ī n.sight, spectacle, show
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswound
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātusbear to, proffer, offer
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusslaughter, butcher
iam, adv.now, already
prōut (conj.)just as, according as
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
caterva, -ae f.crowd, band, troop
armātus, -a, -umarmed
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitusstand in front; show
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
inermis, -eunarmed
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrusrush
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
mors, mortīs, f.death
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
corpus, corporis, n.body
lacer, -era, -erumtorn, mangled
artūs, -uum m. pl.joints; limbs, body
cruentus, -a, -umbloody, blood-stained
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
aliquandō, adv.at some time or other; finally, at length
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātusapproach to, approach
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
incautus, -a, -umoff one's guard, careless
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
gnārus, -a, -umknowing, acquainted with, expert (in)
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
quod, conj.that, in that, because
frequēns, -entiscrowded, in great numbers; frequent
ubīque (adv.)everywhere
validus, -a, -umstrong
expedītus, -a, -umunobstructed, easy; lightly equipped
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
indāgō, -inis f.a ring of hunters and nets closing round game; an encircling trap
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
sīcubiif anywhere, wherever
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
equus, -ī, m.horse
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
persultō, -āreleap or gallop about, range freely over
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
nimius, -a, -umexcessive, too great
fīdūcia, -ae f.confidence, trust, reliance
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
firmus, -a, -umstrong, steadfast
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
rūrsus, adv.again
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
nōn, adv.not
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
prius, adv.before, first
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
respectō, -ārelook back at; regard, care for
vītābundus, -a, -umtrying to avoid, dodging
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
longinquus, -a, -umdistant, remote
āvius, -a, -umpathless, remote
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
nox, noctis, f.night
satietās, -ātis f.fullness, satiety; weariness, disgust
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
decem, indecl. adj.ten
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
trecentī, -ae, -athree hundred
sexāgintā (indecl.)sixty
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
praefectus, -ī m.commander, officer
iuvenīlis, -eyouthful, of a young man
ardor, -ōris m.blaze, fire, glow; ardor caelī: a light in the sky
ferōcia, -ae f.fierceness, untamed spirit
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.