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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 36

Battle at the Graupian Mountain

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Agr. 36.1Ac prīmō congressū ēminus certābātur;At the first encounter the fighting was at long range; Agr. 36.1simulque cōnstantiā, simul arte Britannī ingentibus gladiīs et brevibus caetrīs missilia nostrōrum vītāre vel excutere, atque ipsī magnam vim tēlōrum superfundere, dōnec Agricola Batāvōrum cohortīs ac Tungrōrum duās cohortātus est, ut rem ad mūcrōnēs ac manūs addūcerent;and the Britons, with steadiness and with skill alike, using their huge swords and small shields, avoided or struck aside our missiles, and themselves poured down a great shower of weapons, until Agricola urged the cohorts of the Batavians and two of the Tungrians to bring the matter to sword-point and hand-to-hand fighting; Agr. 36.1quod et ipsīs vetustāte mīlitiae exercitātum et hostibus inhabile parva scūta et ēnormīs gladiōs gerentibus;this was something familiar to them from long military service, and awkward for the enemy, who carried small shields and enormous swords; Agr. 36.1nam Britannōrum gladiī sine mūcrōne complexum armōrum et in artō pugnam nōn tolerābant.for the swords of the Britons, which have no point, could not stand the clash of arms and fighting at close quarters. Agr. 36.2Igitur ut Batāvī miscēre ictūs, ferīre umbōnibus, ōra fodere, et strātīs quī in aequō adstiterant, ērigere in collīs aciem coepēre, cēterae cohortēs aemulātiōne et impetū cōnīsae proximōs quōsque caedere: ac plērīque sēminecēs aut integrī festīnātiōne victōriae relinquēbantur.So when the Batavians began to rain blows, to strike with the bosses of their shields, to stab at faces, and, having cut down those who had stood on the level, to push their line up the hills, the other cohorts, with rivalry and dash, pressed on and slaughtered all those nearest them: and many were left half-dead or unhurt in the haste for victory.

Agr. 36.3Interim equitum turmae, ut fūgēre covinnāriī, peditum sē proeliō miscuēre.Meanwhile the squadrons of cavalry, when the chariot-fighters fled, joined in the infantry battle. Agr. 36.3Et quamquam recentem terrōrem intulerant, dēnsīs tamen hostium agminibus et inaequālibus locīs haerēbant;And although they had brought fresh terror, they nevertheless stuck fast in the dense ranks of the enemy and the uneven ground; Agr. 36.3minimēque equestris eī pugnae faciēs erat, cum †aegrē diū aut stante simul equōrum corporibus impellerentur;and the battle had little look of a cavalry fight, since the men, long hardly able to keep their footing, were at the same time pushed along by the bodies of the horses; Agr. 36.3ac saepe vagī currūs, exterritī sine rēctōribus equī, ut quemque formīdō tulerat, trānsversōs aut obviōs incursābant.and often chariots wandering loose and terrified horses without drivers, as panic carried each of them, crashed into men from the side or head on.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (121 words)
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
congressus, -ūs m.meeting; encounter, clash
ēminus (adv.)at a distance, from afar
certō, adv.with certainty, for certain, certainly
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
que, enclitic conj.and
cōnstantia, -ae f.steadiness, firmness
ars, artis, f.art
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
gladius, -ī, m.sword
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
brevis, -eshort
caetra, -ae f.small light leather shield
missilis, -ethat can be thrown; (n. pl.) missiles
noster, -tra, -trumour
vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusavoid, escape
velor; vel … vel: either … or
excutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussusshake off, shake out
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
superfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour over
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
cohortor, -hortārī, -hortātusencourage, exhort
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
mūcrō, -ōnis m.sword point, sword
manus, -ūs, f.hand
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
vetustās, -ātis f.age, antiquity; the distant past
mīlitia, -ae f.military service
exercitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtrain, exercise
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
inhabilis, -eunwieldy, awkward; unsuited (to)
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
ēnormis, -ehuge, immense; irregular, shapeless
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
nam, conj.for
sine, prep. with abl.without
complexus, -ūs m.embrace
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
nōn, adv.not
tolerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbear, endure; keep off (hunger)
igitur, conj.therefore
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
feriō, -īrestrike, hit
umbō, -ōnis m.boss (of a shield)
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossusdig
sternō, -ere, strāvī, strātusspread out; furnish with couches (of a room)
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
adsistō, -ere, adstitīstand by, stand near; appear
ērigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusraise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage
collis, -is m.hill
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
aemulātiō, -ōnis f.rivalry, the effort to equal someone
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
cōnītor, -ī, -nīxus (-nīsus) sumstrive hard, struggle; make every effort
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
sēminex, -necishalf-dead
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
festīnātiō, -ōnis f.haste, hurry
victōria, -ae, f.victory
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
interim (adv.)meanwhile
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
covinnārius, -ī m.chariot-fighter (of the Britons)
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
quamquam, conj.however much, although
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
inaequālis, -euneven, rough; unequal; badly cutting (barber)
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesūrusstick; hesitate
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
equus, -ī, m.horse
corpus, corporis, n.body
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive or urge on, incite, urge
saepe, adv.often, frequently
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
currus, -ūs, m.chariot, car
exterreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten badly, terrify
rēctor, -ōris m.ruler, guide, director
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
trānsversus, -a, -umrunning across, crosswise
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
incursō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusattack repeatedly, make raids on; run against
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.