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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 32

Calgacus on Roman weakness

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Agr. 32.1"An eandem Rōmānīs in bellō virtūtem quam in pāce lascīviam adesse crēditis?Or do you believe that the Romans have the same courage in war as they have wantonness in peace? Agr. 32.1Nostrīs illī dissēnsiōnibus ac discordiīs clārī vitia hostium in glōriam exercitūs suī vertunt;Made famous by our dissensions and quarrels, they turn the vices of their enemies to the glory of their own army; Agr. 32.1quem contrāctum ex dīversissimīs gentibus ut secundae rēs tenent, ita adversae dissolvent: nisi sī Gallōs et Germānōs et (pudet dictū) Britannōrum plērōsque, licet dominātiōnī aliēnae sanguinem commodent, diūtius tamen hostīs quam servōs, fidē et adfectū tenērī putātis.and that army, gathered from the most diverse peoples, just as success holds it together, so will disaster break it apart: unless you think that Gauls and Germans and (shameful to say) many of the Britons, though they lend their blood to a foreign tyranny, having yet been its enemies longer than its slaves, are held to it by loyalty and affection. Agr. 32.1" "metus ac terror sunt īnfirma vincla cāritātis;Fear and terror are weak bonds of affection; Agr. 32.2quae ubi remōveris, quī timēre dēsierint, ōdisse incipient.once you remove them, those who have ceased to fear will begin to hate.

Agr. 32.2Omnia victōriae incitāmenta prō nōbīs sunt: nūllae Rōmānōs coniugēs accendunt, nūllī parentēs fugam exprobrātūrī sunt;All the incentives to victory are on our side: no wives fire the Romans, no parents are there to reproach them for flight; Agr. 32.2aut nūlla plērīsque patria aut alia est.most of them have either no homeland or another one. Agr. 32.2" "paucōs numerō, trepidōs ignōrantiā, caelum ipsum ac mare et silvās, ignōta omnia circumspectantīs, clausōs quōdam modō ac vinctōs dī nōbīs trādidērunt.Few in number, frightened by their ignorance, gazing round at the very sky and sea and forests, all of them unknown, the gods have handed them over to us, shut in, as it were, and bound. Agr. 32.3Nē terreat vānus aspectus et aurī fulgor atque argentī, quod neque tegit neque vulnerat.Do not let their empty show frighten you, nor the glitter of gold and silver, which neither protects nor wounds. Agr. 32.3" "in ipsā hostium aciē inveniēmus nostrās manūs: adgnōscent Britannī suam causam, recordābuntur Gallī priōrem lībertātem, dēserent illōs cēterī Germānī tam quam nūper Usipī relīquērunt.In the very battle line of the enemy we shall find forces of our own: the Britons will recognise their own cause, the Gauls will remember their former liberty, the other Germans will desert them just as the Usipi lately abandoned them.

Agr. 32.4Nec quicquam ultrā formīdinis: vacua castella, senum colōniae, inter male pārentīs et iniūstē imperantīs aegra mūnicipia et discordantia.And beyond that there is nothing to fear: empty forts, colonies of old men, towns sick and divided between subjects who obey unwillingly and rulers who govern unjustly. Agr. 32.4" "hīc dux, hīc exercitus: ibi tribūta et metalla et cēterae servientium poenae, quās in aeternum perferre aut statim ulcīscī in hōc campō est.Here is a general, here an army: there are tributes and mines and the other punishments of the enslaved, which it rests with this field either to endure for ever or to avenge at once. Agr. 32.5Proinde itūrī in aciem et maiōrēs vestrōs et posterōs cōgitāte."So, as you go into battle, think of your ancestors and of your descendants.'

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (151 words)
an, conj.or (in questions)
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
bellum, -ī, n.war
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
pāx, pācis f.peace
lascīvia, -ae f.playfulness; wantonness, licence
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
noster, -tra, -trumour
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
dissēnsiō, -ōnis f.disagreement, quarrel
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
discordia, -ae f.disagreement, discord, strife
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
glōria, -ae, f.glory
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
dissolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusloosen, break up; dissolūtus: lax, negligent
nisi, conj.if not, unless
sī, conj.if
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
pudet, -ēre, puduit (impers.)it shames, one is ashamed
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
dominātiō, -ōnis f.absolute rule, tyranny
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
commodō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslend, provide, supply
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
affectus (adfectus), -ūs m.feeling, emotion, affection; disposition
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
īnfirmus, -a, -umweak
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
cāritās, -ātis f.dearness; love, affection
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
removeō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove back, remove
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
dēsinō, -sinere, -siī, -situsstop, cease (+ inf.)
ōdī, ōdisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete actionhate
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
omnis, -eall, every
victōria, -ae, f.victory
incitāmentum, -ī n.incentive, spur
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
nōsplur. of ego
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
coniūnx, coniugis, m. and f.spouse, husband, wife
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
fuga, -ae, f.flight
exprobrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreproach, rebuke, blame (someone) for
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
numerus, -ī, m.number
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
ignōrantia, -ae f.ignorance, lack of knowledge
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
mare, maris, n.sea
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
ignōtus, -a, -umunknown
circumspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook round (at), keep looking about; watch for
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctusbind
deus, -ī, m.god
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
vānus, -a, -umempty, idle, vain; in vanum: in vain
aspectus, -ūs m.look, appearance; sight
aurum, -ī, n.gold
fulgor, -ōris m.flash, glare, brightness
argentum, -ī, n.silver
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctuscover
vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswound
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
manus, -ūs, f.hand
agnōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus, recognize
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
recordor, -ārī, -ātus sumcall to mind, remember
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
tam, adv.so
nūper, adv.newly, lately, recently
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
vacuus, -a, -umempty
castellum, -ī n.fort, redoubt
senex, senis, m.old man
colōnia, -ae f.settlement, colony
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
male, adv.badly, ill
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
iniūstē (adv.)unjustly
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
mūnicipium, -ī n.municipium, a self-governing Italian town with Roman citizenship
discordō, -ārebe at odds, quarrel, disagree
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
ibi, adv.in that place, there
tribūtum, -ī, n.contribution, tribute
metallum, -ī n.a mine; metal
serviō, -ire, -īvī, -ītusbe subject to, serve
poena, -ae, f.penalty, punishment
aeternus, -a, -umeverlasting, eternal
perferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear through, bear, endure; weather
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultusavenge
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
proinde (adv.)therefore, accordingly; so then
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
maiōrēs, -um m. pl.ancestors
vester, -tra, -trumyour
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.