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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 31

Calgacus on Roman oppression

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Agr. 31.1"Līberōs cuique ac propinquōs suōs nātūrā cārissimōs esse voluit: hī per dīlēctūs alibī servītūrī auferuntur;Nature has willed that each man's children and kin should be dearest to him: these are carried off by levies to be slaves elsewhere; Agr. 31.1coniugēs sorōrēsque etiam sī hostīlem libīdinem effugiant, nōmine amīcōrum atque hospitum polluuntur.our wives and sisters, even if they escape the enemy's lust, are defiled by men calling themselves friends and guests. Agr. 31.1" " bona fortūnaeque in tribūtum, ager atque annus in frūmentum, corpora ipsa ac manūs silvīs ac palūdibus ēmūniendīs inter verbera ac contumēliās conteruntur.Our goods and fortunes are worn away in tribute, our land and its yearly harvest in grain, our very bodies and hands in clearing forests and marshes, amid blows and insults. Agr. 31.2Nāta servitūtī mancipia semel vēneunt, atque ultrō ā dominīs aluntur: Britannia servitūtem suam cōtīdiē emit, cōtīdiē pāscit."Slaves born to servitude are sold once and for all, and are even fed by their masters: Britain buys her servitude every day, and every day she feeds it. Agr. 31.3"Ac sīcut in familiā recentissimus quisque servōrum etiam cōnservīs lūdibriō est, sīc in hōc orbis terrārum vetere famulātū novī nōs et vīlēs in excidium petimur;And just as in a household the newest of the slaves is a laughing-stock even to his fellow slaves, so in this ancient servitude of the whole world we, the newest and cheapest, are marked out for destruction; Agr. 31.3neque enim arva nōbīs aut metalla aut portūs sunt, quibus exercendīs reservēmur."for we have no fields or mines or harbours for the working of which we might be spared.

Agr. 31.4"Virtūs porrō ac ferōcia subiectōrum ingrāta imperantibus;Moreover, courage and spirit in subjects are displeasing to rulers; Agr. 31.4et longinquitās ac sēcrētum ipsum quō tūtius, eō suspectius.and our remoteness and seclusion itself, the safer it makes us, the more suspect it makes us. Agr. 31.4Ita sublātā spē veniae tandem sūmite animum, tam quibus salūs quam quibus glōria cārissima est."So, since all hope of mercy is gone, take courage at last, both you to whom safety is dearest and you to whom glory is. Agr. 31.5"Brigantēs fēminā duce exūrere colōniam, expugnāre castra, ac nisi fēlīcitās in sōcordiam vertisset, exuere iugum potuēre: nōs integrī et indomitī et in lībertātem, nōn in paenitentiam †lātūrī;The Brigantes, with a woman as their leader, were able to burn a colony, storm a camp, and, had not success turned into carelessness, to throw off the yoke: we, untouched and unsubdued, are going to fight for liberty, not for remorse; Agr. 31.5prīmō statim congressū ostendāmus, quōs sibi Caledonia virōs sēposuerit."let us show at the very first encounter what men Caledonia has kept in reserve for herself.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (131 words)
līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.children
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
propinquus, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m./-a f.near; (noun) relative
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
cārus, -a, -umdear, precious
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
volō, velle, voluīwish
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
alibī (adv.)elsewhere; alius alibi: some in one place, some in another
serviō, -ire, -īvī, -ītusbe subject to, serve
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātusbear away, carry off
coniūnx, coniugis, m. and f.spouse, husband, wife
soror, -ōris, f.sister
que, enclitic conj.and
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
sī, conj.if
hostīlis, -eof the enemy, hostile
libīdō, -inis f.desire, lust; caprice
effugio, -fugere, -fūgīflee out or away, escape
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
hospes, hospitis m.guest; host; guest-friend
polluō, -ere, -uī, -ūtussoil, defile, desecrate
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
tribūtum, -ī, n.contribution, tribute
ager, agri, m.field, land
annus, -ī, m.year
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
corpus, corporis, n.body
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
manus, -ūs, f.hand
silva, -ae, f.wood, forest
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
ēmūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify, strengthen; make passable (by building roads over)
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
verber, -eris n.lash, whip; (pl.) a flogging
contumēlia, -ae f.insult, outrage
conterō, -ere, -trīvī, -trītuscrush, grind, bruise
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
mancipium, -ī n.a slave (as property); formal purchase, ownership
semel (adv.)once (semel atque iterum: again and again)
vēneō, -īre, -iībe sold (+ abl. of price)
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
alō, -ere, -uī, -tusnourish
cottīdiē, adv.daily, every day
emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptumbuy
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
sīcut (conj.)just as
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
cōnservus, -ī m.fellow slave
lūdibrium, -ī n.mockery; a plaything, laughing-stock
sīc, adv.so, thus
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
vetus, veterisold, former
famulātus, -ūs m.servitude, slavery
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
nōsplur. of ego
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
vīlis, -echeap, worthless
excidium, -ī n.destruction, overthrow
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
enim, conj.for
arvum, -ī n.ploughed field, field
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
metallum, -ī n.a mine; metal
portus, -ūs, m.harbor, haven, port
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
reservō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumkeep back, save
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
porrō (adv.)further on; moreover
ferōcia, -ae f.fierceness, untamed spirit
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
ingrātus, -a, -umunwelcome, unpleasant; ungrateful
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
longinquitās, -ātis f.length, distance; long duration
sēcrētum, -ī n.a private place; secret
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
suspectus, -a, -umsuspected, mistrusted
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
spēs, speī, f.hope
venia, -ae f.pardon, forgiveness
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
tam, adv.so
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
glōria, -ae, f.glory
fēmina, -ae, f.woman
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
exūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustumburn down
colōnia, -ae f.settlement, colony
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake by storm, capture
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
nisi, conj.if not, unless
fēlīcitās, -ātis f.good fortune, luck
sōcordia, -ae f.sluggishness, negligence
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
exuō, -uere, -uī, -ūtusput or take off
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
indomitus, -a, -umuntamed, ungovernable
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
nōn, adv.not
paenitentia, -ae f.repentance, change of heart
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
congressus, -ūs m.meeting; encounter, clash
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
vir, virī, m.man
sēpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset aside, reserve
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.