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Tacitus · Agricola

Agricola 16

Boudicca's rising and its aftermath

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Agr. 16.1Hīs atque tālibus in vicem īnstīnctī, Boudiccā generis rēgiī fēminā duce (neque enim sexum in imperiīs discernunt) sūmpsēre ūniversī bellum;Roused by these and similar words to one another, under the leadership of Boudicca, a woman of royal family (for they make no distinction of sex in commands), they all took up war; Agr. 16.1ac sparsōs per castella mīlitēs cōnsectātī, expugnātīs praesidiīs ipsam colōniam invāsēre ut sēdem servitūtis, nec ūllum in barbarīs saevitiae genus omīsit īra et victōria.and hunting down the soldiers scattered among the forts, they stormed the garrisons and attacked the colony itself as the seat of servitude, and anger and victory left out no kind of cruelty known to barbarians. Agr. 16.2Quod nisi Paulīnus cognitō prōvinciae mōtū properē subvēnisset, āmissa Britannia foret;And had not Paulinus, on learning of the uprising in the province, come quickly to the rescue, Britain would have been lost; Agr. 16.2quam ūnīus proeliī fortūna veterī patientiae restituit, tenentibus arma plērīsque, quōs cōnscientia dēfectiōnis et propius ex lēgātō timor agitābat, nē quamquam ēgregius cētera adroganter in dēditōs et ut suae cuiusque iniūriae ultor dūrius cōnsuleret.but the fortune of a single battle restored it to its old submission, though many kept their arms, troubled by the consciousness of their revolt and by a more personal fear of the governor, lest, excellent as he was in other respects, he should deal arrogantly with those who surrendered and too harshly, as one who avenged every wrong as done to himself.

Agr. 16.3Missus igitur Petrōnius Turpiliānus tamquam exōrābilior et dēlictīs hostium novus eōque paenitentiae mītior, compositīs priōribus nihil ultrā ausus Trebelliō Maximō prōvinciam trādidit.Petronius Turpilianus was therefore sent as being more open to entreaty and, as a newcomer to the enemy's offences, more lenient to their repentance; having settled the earlier troubles and ventured nothing further, he handed the province over to Trebellius Maximus. Agr. 16.4Trebellius segnior et nūllīs castrōrum experīmentīs, cōmitāte quādam cūrandī prōvinciam tenuit.Trebellius, rather slack and without any experience of camps, held the province by a certain affability in governing it. Agr. 16.4Didicēre iam barbarī quoque ignōscere vitiīs blandientibus, et interventus cīvīlium armōrum praebuit iūstam segnitiae excūsātiōnem: sed discordiā labōrātum, cum adsuētus expedītiōnibus mīles ōtiō lascīvīret.Now the barbarians too had learned to pardon seductive vices, and the intervention of civil war provided a fair excuse for inactivity: but there was serious trouble from discord, since the soldiers, used to campaigns, ran riot in idleness. Agr. 16.5Trebellius, fugā ac latebrīs vītātā exercitūs īrā, indecōrus atque humilis precāriō mox praefuit, ac velut pactī exercitus licentiam, dux salūtem, et sēditiō sine sanguine stetit.Trebellius, having escaped the army's anger by flight and hiding, disgraced and humbled, soon held command on sufferance, and, as if by a bargain, the army kept its licence, the general his life, and the mutiny halted without bloodshed.

Agr. 16.6Nec Vettius Bolanus, manentibus adhūc cīvīlibus bellīs, agitāvit Britanniam disciplīnā: eadem inertia ergā hostīs, similis petulantia castrōrum, nisi quod innocēns Bolanus et nūllīs dēlictīs invīsus cāritātem parāverat locō auctōritātis.Nor did Vettius Bolanus, while the civil wars still continued, trouble Britain with discipline: there was the same inactivity towards the enemy, the same unruliness in the camp, except that Bolanus, blameless and hated for no crimes, had won affection in place of authority.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×7, purpose clauses ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (151 words)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
tālis, -esuch
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
īnstinguō, -ere, -stīnxī, -stīnctusurge on, incite
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
rēgius, -a, -umroyal, kingly
fēmina, -ae, f.woman
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
enim, conj.for
sexus, -ūs m.sex (male or female)
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
discernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusseparate; distinguish, tell apart
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
bellum, -ī, n.war
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
castellum, -ī n.fort, redoubt
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
cōnsector, -ārī, -ātus sumpursue, chase
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake by storm, capture
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
colōnia, -ae f.settlement, colony
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
sēdēs, -is, f.seat, abode
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
ūllus, -a, -umany
barbarus, -a, -umbarbarian
saevitia, -ae f.fierceness, cruelty
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missuslet go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
victōria, -ae, f.victory
quod, conj.that, in that, because
nisi, conj.if not, unless
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
properē (adv.)quickly, in haste
subveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventuscome to help, rescue (+ dat.)
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend away, lose
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
vetus, veterisold, former
patientia, -ae f.endurance, hardiness
restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset up again, put back, restore
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
cōnscientia, -ae f.awareness; consciousness of guilt, guilty conscience
dēfectiō, -ōnis f.revolt, desertion
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
timor, -ōris, m.fear
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quamquam, conj.however much, although
ēgregius, -a, -umoutstanding, excellent
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
arroganter (adv.)arrogantly
dēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive away or up
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
ultor, -ōris m.avenger
dūrē, adv. (comp. dūrius)harshly, roughly; dūrius cōnsulere, to take drastic measures
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
igitur, conj.therefore
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
exōrābilis, -eopen to entreaty, easily won over, lenient
dēlictum, -ī n.offence, crime
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
que, enclitic conj.and
paenitentia, -ae f.repentance, change of heart
mītis, -emild, gentle (adv. mītissimē: as gently as possible)
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
segnis, -eslow, sluggish, idle
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
experīmentum, -ī n.trial, experience, proof
cōmitās, -ātis f.courtesy, friendliness
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
discō, discere, didicīlearn
iam, adv.now, already
quoque, adv.also
ignōscō, -ere, ignōvī, ignōtum (+ dat.)pardon, forgive
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
blandior, -īrī, -ītus sumflatter, coax, fawn on; be pleasing, allure
interventus, -ūs m.coming on, intervention
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit
iūstus, -a, -umjust
segnitia, -ae f.sloth, sluggishness, inactivity
excūsātiō, -ōnis f.excuse, plea
sed, conj.but
discordia, -ae f.disagreement, discord, strife
labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslabor, toil
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
assuēscō, -ere, -suēvī, -suētusbecome accustomed, get used to
expedītiō, -ōnis f.expedition, raid
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
lascīviō, -īre, -iī, -ītusfrolic, run riot, be unruly; behave wantonly
fuga, -ae, f.flight
latebra, -ae f.hiding place, lair
vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusavoid, escape
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
indecōrus, -a, -umunbecoming, shameful, disgraceful
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
precāriō (adv.)on sufferance, by permission; by begging, as a favour
mox, adv.soon
praesum, -esse, -fuībe before, preside over, have charge of, command
veluteven or just as, as
pacīscor, -ī, pactus sumagree, arrange; pactus: agreed upon
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
sēditiō, -ōnis f.riot, mutiny, discord
sine, prep. with abl.without
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
adhūc, adv.to this point, up to this time, yet, still
disciplīna, -ae f.training, discipline
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
inertia, -ae f.inactivity, idleness, sloth
ergā, prep, with acc.toward, for
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
petulantia, -ae f.insolence, wantonness
innocēns, -entisharmless; innocent
invīsus, -a, -umhated, hateful (to: dat.)
cāritās, -ātis f.dearness; love, affection
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
Tacitus, Agricola. Latin text: H. Furneaux, Cornelii Taciti Opera Minora (Oxford, 1900), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.