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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 3

Trust between true friends

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Ep. 3.1Epistulās ad mē perferendās trādidistī, ut scrībis, amīcō tuō;You have handed letters to be carried to me, as you write, to a friend of yours; Ep. 3.1deinde admonēs mē, nē omnia cum eō ad tē pertinentia commūnicem, quia nōn soleās nē ipse quidem id facere;then you warn me not to share with him everything that concerns you, because you are not in the habit of doing so even yourself; Ep. 3.1ita in eādem epistulā illum et dīxistī amīcum et negāstī.thus in the same letter you have both called him a friend and denied it. Ep. 3.1Itaque sī propriō illō verbō quasi pūblicō ūsus es et sīc illum amīcum vocāstī, quōmodo omnēs candidātōs bonōs virōs dīcimus, quōmodo obviōs, sī nōmen nōn succurrit, dominōs salūtāmus, hāc abierit.So if you used that word, proper as it is, as though it were common coin, and called him a friend in the way we call all candidates 'good men', and in the way we greet people we meet as 'master' if their name does not come to mind, let it pass. Ep. 3.2Sed sī aliquem amīcum exīstimās, cui nōn tantundem crēdis quantum tibi, vehementer errās et nōn satis nōstī vim vērae amīcitiae.But if you consider anyone a friend whom you do not trust as much as yourself, you are badly mistaken and do not sufficiently know the force of true friendship.

Ep. 3.2Tū vērō omnia cum amīcō dēlīberā, sed dē ipsō prius.Do indeed deliberate over everything with a friend, but about the man himself first. Ep. 3.2Post amīcitiam crēdendum est, ante amīcitiam iūdicandum.After friendship one must trust, before friendship one must judge. Ep. 3.2Istī vērō praeposterō officia permiscent, quī contrā praecepta Theophrastī, cum amāvērunt, iūdicant, et nōn amant, cum iūdicāvērunt.Those people truly confuse the order of duties who, contrary to the precepts of Theophrastus, judge after they have loved, and do not love after they have judged. Ep. 3.2Diū cōgitā, an tibi in amīcitiam aliquis recipiendus sit.Think long whether someone should be received by you into friendship. Ep. 3.2Cum placuerit fierī, tōtō illum pectore admitte;When you have decided that it should be done, admit him with your whole heart; Ep. 3.2tam audāciter cum illō loquere quam tēcum.speak with him as boldly as with yourself. Ep. 3.3Tū quidem ita vīve, ut nihil tibi committās, nisi quod committere etiam inimīcō tuō possīs;Live, indeed, in such a way that you entrust nothing to yourself that you could not entrust even to your enemy; Ep. 3.3sed quia interveniunt quaedam, quae cōnsuētūdō fēcit arcāna, cum amīcō omnēs cūrās, omnēs cōgitātiōnēs tuās miscē.but since certain things do come up which custom has made secret, share all your cares, all your thoughts with your friend.

Ep. 3.3Fidēlem sī putāveris, faciēs.If you think him loyal, you will make him so. Ep. 3.3Nam quīdam fallere docuērunt, dum timent fallī, et illī iūs peccandī suspicandō fēcērunt.For some have taught others to deceive by fearing to be deceived, and by suspecting have given them the right to do wrong. Ep. 3.3Quid est, quārē ego ūlla verba cōram amīcō meō retraham?What reason is there why I should hold back any words in the presence of my friend? Ep. 3.3Quid est, quārē mē cōram illō nōn putem sōlum?What reason is there why I should not think myself alone in his presence? Ep. 3.4Quīdam quae tantum amīcīs committenda sunt, obviīs narrant et in quāslibet aurēs, quicquid illōs urserit, exonerant.Some people tell the passers-by what ought to be entrusted only to friends, and unload into any ears whatever has been troubling them. Ep. 3.4Quīdam rūrsus etiam cārissimōrum cōnscientiam refōrmīdant, et sī possent, nē sibi quidem crēditūrī interius premunt omne sēcrētum.Others again dread the knowledge even of those dearest to them, and, being ready, if they could, not to trust even themselves, press every secret deep within.

Ep. 3.4Neutrum faciendum est.Neither should be done. Ep. 3.4Utrumque enim vitium est, et omnibus crēdere et nūllī.For both are faults, trusting everyone and trusting no one. Ep. 3.4Sed alterum honestius dīxerim vitium, alterum tūtius;But I would call the one fault more honourable, the other safer; Ep. 3.5sīc utrōsque reprehendās, et eōs quī semper inquiētī sunt, et eōs quī semper quiēscunt.in the same way you should blame both kinds, those who are always restless, and those who are always at rest. Ep. 3.5Nam illa tumultū gaudēns nōn est industria, sed exagitātae mentis concursātiō.For that delight in commotion is not industry, but the running to and fro of an agitated mind. Ep. 3.5Et haec nōn est quiēs, quae mōtum omnem molestiam iūdicat, sed dissolūtiō et languor.And that is not rest which judges all movement a nuisance, but slackness and languor. Ep. 3.6Itaque hoc, quod apud Pompōnium lēgī, animō mandābitur: "quīdam adeō in latebrās refūgērunt, ut putent in turbidō esse, quicquid in lūce est."And so this, which I read in Pomponius, will be committed to memory: 'Some have fled so far into hiding-places that they think whatever is in the light is in turmoil.' Ep. 3.6Inter sē ista miscenda sunt, et quiēscentī agendum et agentī quiēscendum est.These things must be blended with each other: he who rests must act, and he who acts must rest.

Ep. 3.6Cum rērum nātūrā dēlīberā;Take counsel with nature; Ep. 3.6illa dīcet tibi et diem fēcisse sē et noctem.she will tell you that she has made both the day and the night. Ep. 3.6Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×11, indirect statement ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (180 words)
epistula, -ae f.letter
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
perferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear through, bear, endure; weather
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
deinde, adv.then, next
admoneō, -ēre, -uī, -itusremind, warn, advise
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
omnis, -eall, every
cum, prep, with abl.with
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
commūnicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshare; in the Gospels also: make common, make (ritually) unclean
quia (conj.)because
nōn, adv.not
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
sī, conj.if
proprius, -a, -umone's own, private; characteristic (of)
verbum, -ī, n.word
quasi, conj.as if
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
sīc, adv.so, thus
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
quōmodo (adv.)how; in what way
candidātus, -ī m.candidate for office
bonus, -a, -umgood
vir, virī, m.man
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
succurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun to help, aid
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgreet; pay a morning call on
hāc (adv.)this way, by this route; hāc … hāc: here … there
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
sed, conj.but
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
tantundem (adv.)just so much, just as far
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
vehementer, adv.violently, vehemently; earnestly; exceedingly, greatly
errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswander, stray; be mistaken
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtumget to know (perf. nōvī: know)
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
amīcitia, -ae f.friendship, alliance
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumconsider, deliberate
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
prius, adv.before, first
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
praeposterē (adv.)in the wrong order, back to front
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
permisceō, -miscēre, -miscuī, -mixtusmix together, mingle
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
praeceptum, -ī n.instruction, order
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
an, conj.or (in questions)
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
pectus, pectoris, n.breast
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend to, admit; allow
tam, adv.so
audācter (adv.; comp. audācius)boldly
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
nisi, conj.if not, unless
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
inimīcus, -a, -umunfriendly, hostile
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
interveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumcome in between, arrive in the middle of things
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f.custom, habit; way of life
arcānus, -a, -umsecret, hidden
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.thought, reflection; plan, intention
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
fidēlis, -efaithful, loyal
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
nam, conj.for
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
doceo, -ēre, -uī, -tusteach, explain
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdo wrong
suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātussuspect
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
quārē (adv.)why; for which reason
ūllus, -a, -umany
cōram (adv.)face to face, in person
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
retrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractumdrag back
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
narrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustell, relate, narrate
quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibetany you please, any at all
auris, -is, f.ear
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
exonerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusunload, discharge (a ship)
rūrsus, adv.again
cārus, -a, -umdear, precious
cōnscientia, -ae f.awareness; consciousness of guilt, guilty conscience
refōrmīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdread, shrink from
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
intus (adv.)inside, within
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
sēcrētum, -ī n.a private place; secret
neuter, neutra, neutrumneither
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
enim, conj.for
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
reprehendō, -ere, -hendī, -hēnsumblame, criticise
semper, adv.always
inquiētus, -a, -umrestless
quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētusrest, keep quiet
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
industria, -ae f.diligence, hard work
exagitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumharass, drive about
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
concursātiō, -ōnis f.running to and fro, rushing about; skirmishing
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
molestia, -ae, f.annoyance
dissolūtiō, -ōnis f.dissolution, breaking up; slackness, lack of energy
languor, -ōris m.faintness, weariness
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
mandō, -dāre, -dāvī, -dātusput in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
latebra, -ae f.hiding place, lair
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
turbidus, -a, -umstormy, wild, confused
lūx, lūcis, f.light
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
nox, noctis, f.night
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.