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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 2

Reading deeply, not widely

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Ep. 2.1Ex iīs quae mihi scrībis, et ex iīs quae audiō, bonam spem dē tē concipiō;From what you write to me, and from what I hear, I conceive good hope of you; Ep. 2.1nōn discurris nec locōrum mūtātiōnibus inquiētāris.you do not rush about, nor are you unsettled by changes of place. Ep. 2.1Aegrī animī ista iactātiō est.That tossing about belongs to a sick mind. Ep. 2.1Prīmum argūmentum conpositae mentis exīstimō posse cōnsistere et sēcum morārī.I consider the first proof of a well-ordered mind to be the ability to stay in one place and to dwell with oneself. Ep. 2.2Illud autem vidē, nē ista lēctiō auctōrum multōrum et omnis generis volūminum habeat aliquid vagum et īnstabile.But see to this, that your reading of many authors and of books of every kind does not have something wandering and unsteady about it. Ep. 2.2Certīs ingeniīs inmorārī et innūtrīrī oportet, sī velīs aliquid trahere, quod in animō fidēliter sedeat.You must linger over a few chosen minds and be nourished by them, if you wish to draw from them something that will settle faithfully in your mind.

Ep. 2.2Nūsquam est, quī ubīque est.He who is everywhere is nowhere. Ep. 2.2Vītam in peregrīnātiōne exigentibus hoc ēvenit, ut multa hospitia habeant, nūllās amīcitiās.This is what happens to those who spend their life travelling abroad: they have many hosts, but no friendships. Ep. 2.2Idem accidat necesse est iīs, quī nūllīus sē ingeniō familiāriter applicant, sed omnia cursim et properantēs trānsmittunt.The same must needs befall those who attach themselves closely to no one's mind, but pass everything by in a rush and a hurry. Ep. 2.3Nōn prōdest cibus nec corporī accēdit, quī statim sūmptus ēmittitur;Food does no good and is not taken into the body if it is expelled as soon as it is eaten; Ep. 2.3nihil aequē sānitātem impedit quam remediōrum crēbra mūtātiō;nothing hinders health so much as frequent changing of remedies; Ep. 2.3nōn venit vulnus ad cicātrīcem, in quō medicāmenta temptantur;a wound does not come to a scar if medicines are being tried out on it; Ep. 2.3nōn convalēscit planta, quae saepe trānsfertur.a plant does not grow strong if it is often moved. Ep. 2.3Nihil tam ūtile est, ut in trānsitū prōsit.Nothing is so useful that it can be of benefit in passing.

Ep. 2.3Distringit librōrum multitūdō.A multitude of books distracts. Ep. 2.3Itaque cum legere nōn possīs, quantum habuerīs, satis est habēre, quantum legās.And so, since you cannot read as much as you may possess, it is enough to possess as much as you can read. Ep. 2.4"Sed modo," inquis, "hunc librum ēvolvere volō, modo illum."'But,' you say, 'I want to unroll this book now, and now that one.' Ep. 2.4Fastīdientis stomachī est multa dēgustāre;It is the mark of a squeamish stomach to taste many things; Ep. 2.4quae ubi varia, sunt et dīversa, inquinant, nōn alunt.and when these are varied and diverse, they defile and do not nourish. Ep. 2.4Probātōs itaque semper lege, et sī quandō ad aliōs dēvertī libuerit, ad priōrēs redī.So always read authors of proven worth, and if ever you feel like turning aside to others, return to the earlier ones. Ep. 2.4Aliquid cōtīdiē adversus paupertātem, aliquid adversus mortem auxiliī comparā, nec minus adversus cēterās pestēs;Each day procure some help against poverty, some against death, and no less against the other plagues; Ep. 2.4et cum multa percurrēns, ūnum excerpe, quod illō diē concoquās.and when you have run through many things, pick out one to digest that day.

Ep. 2.5Hoc ipse quoque faciō;This is what I do myself too; Ep. 2.5ex plūribus, quae lēgī, aliquid adprehendō.out of the many things I have read, I lay hold of something. Ep. 2.5Hodiernum hoc est, quod apud Epicūrum nanctus sum;Today's is this, which I came upon in Epicurus; Ep. 2.5soleō enim et in aliēna castra trānsīre, nōn tamquam trānsfuga, sed tamquam explōrātor.for I am in the habit of crossing even into the enemy's camp, not as a deserter, but as a scout. Ep. 2.6"Honesta," inquit, "rēs est laeta paupertās."'Cheerful poverty,' he says, 'is an honourable thing.' Ep. 2.6Illa vērō nōn est paupertās, sī laeta est.But it is not poverty at all, if it is cheerful. Ep. 2.6Nōn quī parum habet, sed quī plūs cupit, pauper est.It is not the man who has too little, but the man who craves more, who is poor. Ep. 2.6Quid enim rēfert, quantum illī in arcā, quantum in horreīs iaceat, quantum pāscat aut fēneret, sī aliēnō inminet, sī nōn adquīsīta sed adquīrenda computat?For what does it matter how much lies in his strongbox, how much in his granaries, how many beasts he grazes or how much money he lends at interest, if he hangs over another's goods, if he counts not what he has acquired but what he has yet to acquire?

Ep. 2.6Quis sit dīvitiārum modus, quaeris?Do you ask what the limit of wealth is? Ep. 2.6Prīmus habēre quod necesse est, proximus quod sat est.First, to have what is necessary; next, to have what is enough. Ep. 2.6Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (186 words)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
bonus, -a, -umgood
spēs, speī, f.hope
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
concipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake in, conceive; plan, imagine
nōn, adv.not
discurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun in different directions, scatter
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
mūtātiō, -ōnis f.change, alteration
inquiētō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdisturb, trouble, harass
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
iactātiō, -ōnis f.boasting, display; tossing, shaking
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
argūmentum, -ī n.proof, evidence
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
moror, -ārī, -ātusdelay, linger, stay
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
lēctiō, -ōnis f.a reading; reading aloud; a choosing, selection
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
omnis, -eall, every
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
volūmen, -inis n.roll (of writing), book
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
īnstabilis, -eunsteady
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
immoror, -ārī, -ātus sumdwell on, linger over
innūtriō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusbring up in (+ dat.)
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
sī, conj.if
volō, velle, voluīwish
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
fidēliter, adv.faithfully, loyally
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussit
nūsquam, adv.nowhere
ubīque (adv.)everywhere
vīta, -ae, f.life
peregrīnātiō, -ōnis f.travel abroad, journey; sojourn in a foreign land
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ēveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome out; turn out, happen, befall
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
hospitium, -ī, n.hospitality
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
amīcitia, -ae f.friendship, alliance
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
familiāriter, adv.on intimate terms, closely
applicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusattach; (with sē) lean against
sed, conj.but
cursim (adv.)quickly, hastily, cursorily
properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushasten
trānsmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend across; cross over
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
cibus, -ī, m.food
corpus, corporis, n.body
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend out or forth
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
sānitās, -tātis, f.soundness; right reason, sanity
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
remedium, -ī, n.remedy
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
cicātrīx, -īcis f.scar; mark left on a plant by a wound
medicāmentum, -ī, n.drug; poison, potion
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
convalēscō, -ere, -valuīgrow strong, recover
planta, -ae f.sole of the foot; a young shoot, plant
saepe, adv.often, frequently
trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātuscarry across, transfer
tam, adv.so
ūtilis, -euseful, advantageous
trānsitus, -ūs m.crossing, passage
distringō, -ere, -strīnxī, -strictusstretch apart; keep busy, distract
liber, librī m.book; record
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
modo, adv.only
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
ēvolvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtusroll out, unroll; unfold, relate; disentangle
fastīdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfeel disgust at, be sick of, scorn
stomachus, -ī m.gullet, windpipe; stomach
dēgustō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustaste, take a taste of
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
varius, -a, -umvarious
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
inquinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspollute, soil, defile
alō, -ere, -uī, -tusnourish
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
semper, adv.always
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
dēvertō, -vertere, -vertīturn away or aside
libet, -ēre, libuit (impers.)it pleases; mihi libet: I like, I want
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
cottīdiē, adv.daily, every day
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
paupertās, -ātis f.poverty, small means
mors, mortīs, f.death
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātusprepare, collect
minus, comp. adv.less
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
pestis, -is f.plague, pest; ruin, destruction
percurrō, -ere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun along, run through
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
excerpō, -ere, -cerpsī, -cerptuspick out, select
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
concoquō, -ere, -coxī, -coctusdigest; boil together; mull over, absorb
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quoque, adv.also
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
apprehendō, -ere, -prehendī, -prehēnsumtake hold of, grasp
hodiernus, -a, -umof today; hodiernō diē, today
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactusget, obtain, find
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
enim, conj.for
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
trānsfuga, -ae m.deserter
explōrātor, -ōris, m.explorer, scout, spy
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
plūs (adv.)more
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
pauper, -erispoor; as a noun, a poor person
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
rēfert, rēferre, rētulit (impers.)it matters, it is of importance
arca, -ae, f.chest, box, ark
horreum, -ī n.granary, storehouse
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
fēnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslend at interest
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
adquīrō, -quīrere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītusacquire, gain in addition
computō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount up, reckon, calculate
dīvitiae, -ārum f. pl.riches, wealth
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
sat (indecl.)enough (= satis)
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.