Seneca, Letter 26

Old age and rehearsing death

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Ep. 26.1Modo dīcēbam tibi, in cōnspectū esse mē senectūtis;I was just telling you that I was within sight of old age; Ep. 26.1iam vereor, nē senectūtem post mē relīquerim.now I fear that I have left old age behind me. Ep. 26.1Aliud iam hīs annīs, certē huic corporī, vocābulum convenit, quoniam quidem senectūs lassae aetātis, nōn frāctae, nōmen est;Some other word now suits these years, certainly this body, since old age is the name for a weary time of life, not a broken one; Ep. 26.1inter dēcrepitōs mē numerā et extrēma tangentīs.count me among the decrepit and those who are touching the end. Ep. 26.2Grātiās tamen mihi apud tē agō;Yet I give myself thanks in your hearing; Ep. 26.2nōn sentiō in animō aetātis iniūriam, cum sentiam in corpore.I do not feel the injury of age in my mind, though I feel it in my body. Ep. 26.2Tantum vitia et vitiōrum ministeria senuērunt;Only my vices and the servants of my vices have grown old; Ep. 26.2viget animus et gaudet nōn multum sibi esse cum corpore.my mind is vigorous and rejoices that it has little to do with the body.

Ep. 26.2Magnam partem oneris suī posuit.It has laid down a great part of its burden. Ep. 26.2Exultat et mihi facit contrōversiam dē senectūte.It exults and argues with me about old age. Ep. 26.2Hunc ait esse flōrem suum.It says that this is its prime. Ep. 26.3Crēdāmus illī;Let us believe it; Ep. 26.3bonō suō ūtātur.let it enjoy its own good. Ep. 26.3Īre in cōgitātiōnem iubet et dispicere, quid ex hāc tranquillitāte ac modestiā mōrum sapientiae dēbeam, quid aetātī, et dīligenter excutere, quae nōn possim facere, quae nōlim †prōdesse habitūrus ad quī sī nōlim quidquid nōn posse mē gaudeō†.It bids me go into reflection and discern how much of this tranquillity and restraint of character I owe to wisdom, how much to age, and to examine carefully what I cannot do, what I do not wish to do, ready to count whatever I am glad I cannot do as though I did not wish to do it. Ep. 26.3Quae enim querella est, quod incommodum, sī quidquid dēbēbat dēsinere, dēfēcit?For what complaint is there, what inconvenience, if whatever was bound to come to an end has failed?

Ep. 26.4"Incommodum summum est," inquis, "minuī et dēperīre et, ut propriē dīcam, liquēscere.'It is the greatest inconvenience,' you say, 'to be diminished and to waste away and, to put it accurately, to melt away. Ep. 26.4Nōn enim subitō inpulsī ac prōstrātī sumus;For we are not suddenly struck and laid low; Ep. 26.4carpimur.we are nibbled away. Ep. 26.4Singulī diēs aliquid subtrahunt vīribus."Each day takes something from our strength.' Ep. 26.4Ecquis exitus est melior quam in fīnem suum nātūrā solvente dīlābī?Is there any better end than to slip away to one's close as nature unbinds us? Ep. 26.4Nōn quia aliquid malī est ictus et ē vītā repentīnus excessus, sed quia lēnis haec est via, subdūcī.Not because there is anything bad in a blow and a sudden departure from life, but because this road, to be withdrawn gradually, is a gentle one. Ep. 26.4Ego certē, velut adpropinquet experīmentum et ille lātūrus sententiam dē omnibus annīs meīs diēs vēnerit, ita mē observō et adloquor: "Nihil est," inquam, "adhūc, quod aut rēbus aut verbīs exhibuimus.For my part, as if the test were drawing near and that day had come which is to pass sentence on all my years, I watch myself and address myself thus: 'Nothing that we have so far displayed,' I say, 'in deeds or in words amounts to anything.

Ep. 26.5Levia sunt ista et fallācia pignora animī multīsque involūta lēnōciniīs;These are trivial and deceptive pledges of the mind, and wrapped in many enticements; Ep. 26.5quid prōfēcerim, mortī crēditūrus sum.what progress I have made I shall entrust to death to judge. Ep. 26.5Nōn timidē itaque conpōnor ad illum diem, quō remōtīs strophīs ac fūcīs dē mē iūdicātūrus sum, utrum loquar fortia an sentiam, numquid simulātiō fuerit et mīmus, quicquid contrā fortūnam iactāvī verbōrum contumācium."So it is without fear that I am making myself ready for that day on which, with tricks and disguises set aside, I am to judge myself, whether I merely speak bravely or truly feel so, whether all the defiant words I have hurled against fortune were pretence and play-acting.' Ep. 26.6"Removē exīstimātiōnem hominum;'Set aside men's opinion; Ep. 26.6dubia semper est et in partem utramque dīviditur.it is always doubtful and divided both ways. Ep. 26.6Removē studia tōtā vītā trāctātā;Set aside the studies pursued all your life; Ep. 26.6mors dē tē prōnūntiātūra est.death is going to pronounce on you. Ep. 26.6Ita dīcō: disputātiōnēs et litterāta conloquia et ex praeceptīs sapientium verba collēcta et ērudītus sermō nōn ostendunt vērum rōbur animī.This is what I mean: debates and learned conversations and words gathered from the precepts of the wise and cultivated talk do not reveal the true strength of the mind.

Ep. 26.6Est enim ōrātiō etiam timidissimīs audāx.For speech is bold even in the most timid. Ep. 26.6Quid ēgerīs, tunc appārēbit, cum animam agēs.What you have done will become clear when you are giving up your breath. Ep. 26.6Accipiō condiciōnem, nōn refōrmīdō iūdicium."I accept the terms; I do not shrink from the judgement.' Ep. 26.7Haec mēcum loquor, sed tēcum quoque mē locūtum putā.This is what I say to myself, but consider that I have said it to you as well. Ep. 26.7Iuvenior es;You are younger; Ep. 26.7quid rēfert?what does it matter? Ep. 26.7Nōn dīnumerantur annī.Years are not counted out. Ep. 26.7Incertum est, quō locō tē mors expectet;It is uncertain in what place death awaits you; Ep. 26.7itaque tū illam omnī locō expectā.so await it in every place. Ep. 26.8Dēsinere iam volēbam et manus spectābat ad clausulam;I was meaning to stop now, and my hand was looking towards the closing phrase; Ep. 26.8sed cōnficienda sunt sacra et huic epistulae viāticum dandum est.but the rites must be performed and this letter must be given its travelling money. Ep. 26.8Putā mē nōn dīcere, unde sūmptūrus sum mūtuum: scīs cuius arcā ūtar.Suppose I do not say from where I mean to borrow the loan: you know whose cash-box I use.

Ep. 26.8Expectā mē pusillum, et dē domō fīet numerātiō;Wait for me a little while, and payment will be made from my own house; Ep. 26.8interim commodābit Epicūrus, quī ait: "Meditāre mortem" vel sī commodius sit "trānsīre ad deōs."meanwhile Epicurus will lend it, who says: 'Rehearse death', or, if it is more convenient so, 'Rehearse passing over to the gods.' Ep. 26.9Hic patet sēnsus: ēgregia rēs est mortem condīscere.The sense is plain: it is a splendid thing to learn death thoroughly. Ep. 26.9Supervacuum forsitan putās id discere, quod semel ūtendum est.Perhaps you think it superfluous to learn what has to be used only once. Ep. 26.9Hoc est ipsum, quārē meditārī dēbeāmus;That is the very reason why we ought to rehearse it; Ep. 26.9semper discendum est, quod an sciāmus, experīrī nōn possumus.we must always be learning what we cannot test whether we know. Ep. 26.10"Meditāre mortem";'Rehearse death'; Ep. 26.10quī hoc dīcit, meditārī lībertātem iubet.whoever says this is bidding us rehearse freedom. Ep. 26.10Quī morī didicit, servīre dēdidicit;He who has learned to die has unlearned how to be a slave; Ep. 26.10suprā omnem potentiam est, certē extrā omnem.he is above all power, or at any rate beyond all power.

Ep. 26.10Quid ad illum carcer et custōdia et claustra?What are prison and guards and bars to him? Ep. 26.10Līberum ōstium habet.He has an open door. Ep. 26.10Ūna est catēna, quae nōs alligātōs tenet, amor vītae, quī ut nōn est abiciendus, ita minuendus est, ut sī quandō rēs exiget, nihil nōs dētineat nec inpediat, quō minus parātī sīmus, quod quandōque faciendum est, statim facere.There is one chain which holds us bound, the love of life, which, though it is not to be thrown off, must still be lessened, so that if ever circumstances demand it, nothing may hold us back or hinder us from being ready to do at once what must at some time be done. Ep. 26.10Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×5, purpose clauses ×2, ablative absolute ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×7

Latin vocabulary for this passage (279 words)

modo, adv.	only
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus	say, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
tū, tuī, pers. pron.	thou, you
in, prep. with acc. and abl.	with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
cōnspectus, -ūs, m.	sight
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus	be
ego, meī, pers. pron.	I
senectūs, -tūtis f.	old age
iam, adv.	now, already
vereor, -ērī, -itus	fear
nē, adv.	not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
post, adv.	after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictus	leave behind, leave
alius, -a, -ud	another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.	this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
annus, -ī, m.	year
certē (adv.)	certainly, surely; at any rate
corpus, corporis, n.	body
vocābulum, -ī n.	name, word, term
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus	come together, assemble
quoniam, conj.	since now, since
quidem, adv.	in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
lassus, -a, -um	weary, tired
aetās, -tātis, f.	age
nōn, adv.	not
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus	break; dash to pieces, wreck
nōmen, -minis, n.	name (that by which one is known)
inter, prep, with acc.	among, between
dēcrepitus, -a, -um	worn out with age, decrepit
numerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	count, number; reckon, count as
et, conj.	and; et ... et, both ... and
extrēmus, -a, -um	last, extreme, furthest
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus	touch
grātia, -ae, f.	favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
tamen, adv.	however, yet, nevertheless
apud, prep, with acc.	among, with
agō, agere, ēgī, āctus	drive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus	perceive, feel
animus, -ī, m.	mind; heart; spirit, courage
iniūria, -ae, f.	injury, wrong, hurt, harm
cum, conj.	when, while, after; since; although
tantum, adv.	so much or far, only
vitium, -ī n.	fault, vice
ministerium, -ī n.	service, office, duty
senēscō, -ere, senuī	grow old
vigeō, -ēre, -uī	be strong, thrive, flourish
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus	be glad, rejoice
multum, -ī, n.	much
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.	himself, herself, itself, themselves
cum, prep, with abl.	with
magnus, -a, -um	large, big, great, mighty; loud
pars, partis, f.	part, side, direction
onus, oneris n.	load, weight
suus, -a, -um	his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus	place, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
exsultō, -āre, -āvī	leap up; exult, revel, run riot
faciō, facere, fēcī, factus	make, do; iter facere, see iter
contrōversia, -ae, f.	quarrel, dispute, debate
dē, prep, with abl.	down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
āiō (defective)	say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
flōs, flōris m.	flower
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditus	believe
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.	that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
bonum, -ī n.	a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus	use
eō, īre, iī, itus	go
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.	thought, reflection; plan, intention
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus	bid, order, command
dispiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectus	see clearly, discern
quis, quid, interrog. pron.	who? which? what?
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)	out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
tranquillitās, -tātis, f.	calm
atque, ac (conj.)	and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
modestia, -ae f.	moderation, discipline, restraint
mōs, mōris, m.	way, manner, habit, custom
sapientia, -ae f.	wisdom, good sense
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus	owe; with infin., ought
dīligenter, adv.	carefully, diligently
excutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus	shake off, shake out
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.	who, which
possum, posse, potuī	be able, have power, can
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī	not wish, be unwilling
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī	be of advantage, profit, avail, assist
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus	have, hold; consider
ad, prep. with acc.	to, toward; at, near; for
sī, conj.	if
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)	whoever, whatever
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.	what?
enim, conj.	for
querella (querēla), -ae f.	complaint, lament
incommodum, -ī, n.	inconvenience
dēsinō, -sinere, -siī, -situs	stop, cease (+ inf.)
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus	fail
summus, -a, -um	uppermost, highest, greatest
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verb	I say, you say, he says
minuō, -ere, minuī, minūtum	lessen, reduce
dēpereō, -īre, -iī	be lost, perish
ut, conj.	as; when; that; ita ut, as
propriē (adv.)	in a special sense, peculiarly, properly
liquēscō, -ere, licuī	become clear (of liquids), settle; melt
subitō, adv.	unexpectedly, suddenly
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus	drive or urge on, incite, urge
prōsternō, -sternere, -strāvī, -strātus	strew or spread before, throw or knock down
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tus	pluck
singulī, -ae, -a	one at a time, single
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.	day
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.	someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
subtrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractum	take away, withdraw
vīs, vīs, f.	violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
ecquis, ecquid	is there any...? (ecquid: anything; in indirect questions, whether anything)
exitus, -ūs m.	way out; outcome, end
bonus, -a, -um	good
quam, adv.	how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
fīnis, -is, m.	end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
nātūra, -ae, f.	nature, character
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus	loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
dīlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sum	slip away, melt away, scatter
quia (conj.)	because
malum, -ī, n.	evil, mischief
īctus, -ūs, m.	blow
vīta, -ae, f.	life
repentīnus, -a, -um	sudden
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus	go out or forth, depart
sed, conj.	but
lēnis, -e	gentle
via, -ae, f.	road, way
subdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductus	draw up, beach
velut	even or just as, as
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātus	approach to, approach
experīmentum, -ī n.	trial, experience, proof
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus	bear, bring
sententia, -ae, f.	opinion; purpose
omnis, -e	all, every
meus, -a, -um	my, mine
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus	come
ita, adv.	in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
observō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum	watch; keep, respect
alloquor (adloquor), -loquī, -locūtus sum	speak to, address
nihil, n., indecl.	nothing
adhūc, adv.	to this point, up to this time, yet, still
aut, conj.	or; aut ... aut, either ... or
rēs, reī, f.	thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
verbum, -ī, n.	word
exhibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus	show, display, present
levis, -e	light, slight
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.	that of yours, that
fallāx, -ācis	deceitful, treacherous
pignus, -oris n.	pledge, token, keepsake
multus, -a, -um	much, great; plur., many
que, enclitic conj.	and
involvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus	roll up, wrap, envelop
lēnōcinium, -ī n.	pandering, procuring; allurement; showy ornament
prōficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum	accomplish, make progress
mors, mortīs, f.	death
timidē (adv.)	timidly
itaque, adv.	and so, accordingly, therefore
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positum	put together; mend, set in order
removeō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtus	move back, remove
stropha, -ae f.	trick, dodge
fūcus, -ī m.	drone (bee)
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum	judge, decide
utrum (conj.)	whether (utrum … an: whether … or)
loquor, loquī, locūtus	speak
fortis, -e	brave
an, conj.	or (in questions)
numquid (interrog. particle)	surely not? can it be that ...? (expects 'no'); in later Latin also a simple question
simulātiō, -ōnis f.	pretence
mīmus, -ī m.	mime, farce (a popular comic stage show); mime actor
contrā, prep, with acc.	against, contrary to
fortūna, -ae, f.	fortune
iactō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum	toss about; discuss
contumāx, -ācis	stubborn, defiant, unyielding, insolent
exīstimātiō, -ōnis f.	opinion, reputation
homō, hominis, m.	man
dubius, -a, -um	doubtful, uncertain
semper, adv.	always
uterque, utraque, utrumque	each, either, both
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsus	divide, separate
studium, -ī, n.	eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
tōtus, -a, -um	all the, the whole or entire
trāctō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	handle, touch, feel
prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	proclaim, announce
disputātiō, -ōnis f.	argument, debate
litterātus, -a, -um	learned, well-read, cultured
colloquium (conloquium), -ī n.	conference, talk
praeceptum, -ī n.	instruction, order
sapiēns, -entis	wise; as noun, a wise man, a philosopher
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctum	gather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
ērudiō, -rudīre, -rudīvī, -rudītus	instruct
sermō, -ōnis, m.	conversation, talk, speech
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus	stretch out before, show, explain
vērus, -a, -um	true; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
rōbur, rōboris, n.	oak
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f.	speech; ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver an oration, speak
etiam, adv.	and now, also, too, even
timidus, -a, -um	fearful, timid
audāx, -ācis	bold, daring, reckless
tunc (adv.)	then, at that time
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itum	appear, come into view, show oneself
anima, -ae, f.	breath, soul, life
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus	take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
condiciō, -ōnis f.	terms; condition, status
refōrmīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	dread, shrink from
iūdicium, -ī n.	trial, court; judgment
quoque, adv.	also
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	think
iuvenis, -is, m.	young man, youth
rēfert, rēferre, rētulit (impers.)	it matters, it is of importance
dīnumerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	count up, reckon
incertus, -a, -um	uncertain, unreliable
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.	place, situation
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātus	look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
volō, velle, voluī	wish
manus, -ūs, f.	hand
spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	look at or on
clausula, -ae f.	close, ending; conclusion of a play or letter; rhythmic close of a sentence
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus	make or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out
sacrum, -ī n.	sacred object or rite; sacra: rites, worship
epistula, -ae f.	letter
viāticum, -ī n.	travel money, provisions for a journey; savings
dō, dare, dedī, datus	give
unde, adv.	whence
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus	take under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
mūtuus, -a, -um	borrowed, lent; mutual (pecūnia mūtua: a loan)
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus	know
arca, -ae, f.	chest, box, ark
pusillus, -a, -um	very small, little; pusilli: little ones
domus, -ūs, f.	house, home
fīō, fierī, factus sum	be done or made, become, happen
numerātiō, -ōnis f.	counting out, paying out; payment
interim (adv.)	meanwhile
commodō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus	lend, provide, supply
meditor, -ārī, -ātus sum	think over, plan; practise, train for
vel	or; vel … vel: either … or
commodus, -a, -um	convenient, suitable
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itus	go across or over, cross
deus, -ī, m.	god
pateō, -ēre, -uī	lie open; extend, stretch
sēnsus, -ūs m.	feeling, sensation; perception; sentiment
ēgregius, -a, -um	outstanding, excellent
condīscō, -ere, -didicī	learn thoroughly, learn by practice
supervacuus, -a, -um	superfluous, unnecessary, needless
forsitan (adv.)	perhaps
is, ea, id, dem. pron.	this, that; he, she, it, they
discō, discere, didicī	learn
semel (adv.)	once (semel atque iterum: again and again)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.	self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quārē (adv.)	why; for which reason
experior, -īrī, expertus sum	try, test, experience
lībertās, -tātis, f.	freedom, liberty
morior, morī, mortuus	die
serviō, -ire, -īvī, -ītus	be subject to, serve
dēdiscō, -ere, dēdidicī	unlearn, forget
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.	above, before
potentia, -ae f.	power, influence
extrā (prep. + acc.)	outside, beyond
carcer, -eris, m.	prison
custōdia, -ae f.	guard, protection
claustrum, -ī n.	bar, bolt; barrier, enclosure
līber, lībera, līberum	free
ōstium, -ī, n.	mouth, doorway, door
ūnus, -a, -um	one; only, alone
catēna, -ae, f.	chain
nōs	plur. of ego
alligō (adligō), -āre, -āvī, -ātus	bind, tie up; (fig.) bind, entangle
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tus	hold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
amor, -ōris, m.	love
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectus	throw away
quandō (adv.)	when; (after sī) ever
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctum	drive out; finish, spend (a season)
dētineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentum	hold back, detain
neque or nec, conj.	and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītus	hinder, prevent, impede
quō, adv.	to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
minus, comp. adv.	less
parātus, -a, -um	prepared, equipped, ready
quandōque (conj.)	whenever
statim, adv.	on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus	be strong or effectual, have effect, prevail

Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.