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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 25

Correcting two friends' faults

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Ep. 25.1Quod ad duōs amīcōs nostrōs pertinet, dīversā viā eundum est;As far as our two friends are concerned, we must go by different paths; Ep. 25.1alterīus enim vitia ēmendanda, alterīus frangenda sunt.for the faults of the one must be corrected, those of the other broken. Ep. 25.1Ūtar lībertāte tōtā.I shall use complete frankness. Ep. 25.1Nōn amō illum, nisi offendō.I do not love him unless I offend him. Ep. 25.1"Quid ergō?"'What then?' Ep. 25.1inquis, "quadrāgēnārium pūpillum cōgitās sub tūtēlā tuā continēre?you say, 'do you intend to keep a forty-year-old ward under your guardianship? Ep. 25.1Respice aetātem eius iam dūram et intractābilem.Consider his age, already hardened and unmanageable. Ep. 25.1Nōn potest refōrmārī;He cannot be reshaped; Ep. 25.1tenera finguntur."it is soft things that are moulded.' Ep. 25.2An prōfectūrus sim nesciō.Whether I shall succeed, I do not know. Ep. 25.2Mālō successum mihi quam fidem dēesse.I would rather lack success than loyalty. Ep. 25.2Nec dēspērāverīs etiam diūtinōs aegrōs posse sānārī, sī contrā intemperantiam steteris, sī multa invītōs et facere coēgeris et patī.And you should not despair that even long-standing invalids can be cured, if you stand firm against their intemperance, if you force them to do and to endure many things against their will.

Ep. 25.2Nē dē alterō quidem satis fīdūciae habeō, exceptō eō, quod adhūc peccāre ērubēscit.Not even about the other have I enough confidence, except in this, that he still blushes at doing wrong. Ep. 25.2Nūtriendus est hic pudor, quī quamdiū in animō eius dūrāverit, aliquis erit bonae speī locus.This sense of shame must be nourished, and as long as it lasts in his mind, there will be some room for good hope. Ep. 25.2Cum hōc veterānō parcius agendum putō, nē in dēspērātiōnem suī veniat.With this veteran, I think, we must deal more sparingly, so that he does not come to despair of himself. Ep. 25.3Nec ūllum tempus adgrediendī fuit melius quam hoc, dum interquiēscit, dum ēmendātō similis est.Nor has there been any better time for tackling him than now, while he is taking a rest, while he looks like a reformed man. Ep. 25.3Aliīs haec intermissiō eius inposuit;This pause of his has deceived others; Ep. 25.3mihi verba nōn dat.me it does not fool. Ep. 25.3Exspectō cum magnō faenore vitia reditūra, quae nunc sciō cessāre, nōn dēesse.I expect his faults to return with heavy interest, faults which I know are now idle, not absent.

Ep. 25.3Inpendam huic reī diēs et utrum possit aliquid agī an nōn possit, experiar.I shall devote days to this matter and find out whether anything can be done or not. Ep. 25.4Tū nōbīs tē, ut facis, fortem praestā et sarcinās contrahe.As for you, show yourself brave to us, as you are doing, and pack up your baggage. Ep. 25.4Nihil ex hīs, quae habēmus, necessārium est.None of the things we have is necessary. Ep. 25.4Ad lēgem nātūrae revertāmur;Let us return to the law of nature; Ep. 25.4dīvitiae parātae sunt.riches are ready to hand. Ep. 25.4Aut grātuītum est, quō egēmus, aut vīle;What we need is either free or cheap; Ep. 25.4pānem et aquam nātūra dēsīderat Nēmō ad haec pauper est, intrā quae quisquis dēsīderium suum clūsit, cum ipsō Iove dē fēlīcitāte contendat, ut ait Epicūrus, cuius aliquam vōcem huic epistulae involvam.nature craves bread and water. No one is poor in respect of these things, and whoever has confined his desire within them may compete in happiness with Jupiter himself, as Epicurus says, some saying of whose I shall wrap up in this letter. Ep. 25.5"Sīc fac," inquit, "omnia, tamquam spectet Epicūrus."'Do everything,' he says, 'as if Epicurus were watching.' Ep. 25.5Prōdest sine dubiō custōdem sibi inposuisse et habēre, quem respiciās, quem interesse cōgitātiōnibus tuīs iūdicēs.It is without doubt useful to have set a guardian over oneself, and to have someone you can look back to, whom you consider present at your thoughts.

Ep. 25.5Hoc quidem longē magnificentius est, sīc vīvere tamquam sub alicuius bonī virī ac semper praesentis oculīs, sed ego etiam hōc contentus sum, ut sīc faciās, quaecumque faciēs, tamquam spectet aliquis;It is indeed far nobler to live as if under the eyes of some good man who is always present, but I am content even with this, that you do whatever you do as if someone were watching; Ep. 25.5omnia nōbīs mala sōlitūdō persuādet.solitude prompts us to every evil. Ep. 25.6Cum iam prōfēceris tantum, ut sit tibi etiam tuī reverentia, licēbit dīmittās paedagōgum;When you have progressed so far that you have respect even for yourself, you will be allowed to dismiss your tutor; Ep. 25.6interim aliquōrum tē auctōritāte custōdī, aut Catō ille sit aut Scīpiō aut Laelius aut tālis, cuius interventū perditī quoque hominēs vitia supprimerent, dum tē efficis eum, cum quō peccāre nōn audeās.meanwhile guard yourself with the authority of certain men, whether it be the famous Cato or Scipio or Laelius, or someone of the kind at whose arrival even abandoned men would suppress their vices, while you make yourself the sort of person in whose company you would not dare to do wrong.

Ep. 25.6Cum hoc effēceris, et aliqua coeperit apud tē tuī esse dignātiō, incipiam tibi permittere, quod īdem suādet Epicūrus: "Tunc praecipuē in tē ipse sēcēde, cum esse cōgeris in turbā."When you have achieved this, and some esteem for yourself has begun to dwell with you, I shall begin to allow you what Epicurus likewise advises: 'Withdraw into yourself above all when you are forced to be in a crowd.' Ep. 25.7Dissimilem tē fierī multīs oportet.You must become unlike the many. Ep. 25.7Dum tibi tūtum nōn est ad tē recēdere, circumspice singulōs;While it is not safe for you to withdraw into yourself, look around at each person in turn; Ep. 25.7nēmō est, cui nōn satius sit cum quōlibet esse quam sēcum.there is no one who would not be better off with anyone at all than with himself. Ep. 25.7"Tunc praecipuē in tē ipse sēcēde, cum esse cōgeris in turbā";'Withdraw into yourself above all when you are forced to be in a crowd'; Ep. 25.7sī bonus vir, sī quiētus, sī temperāns.that is, if you are a good man, a quiet one, a self-controlled one. Ep. 25.7Aliōquīn in turbam tibi ā tē recēdendum est;Otherwise you must withdraw from yourself into the crowd; Ep. 25.7istīc malō virō propius es.there you are too close to a bad man.

Ep. 25.7Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×7, indirect statement ×4, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (228 words)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
noster, -tra, -trumour
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
via, -ae, f.road, way
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
enim, conj.for
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
ēmendō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscorrect, make good, remove faults
frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctusbreak; dash to pieces, wreck
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
nōn, adv.not
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
nisi, conj.if not, unless
offendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusoffend
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
quadrāgēnārius, -a, -umforty years old
pūpillus, -ī m.orphan, ward
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
tūtēla, -ae f.protection, guardianship, care
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
contineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold together, keep within, shut up in; bound
respiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook back
aetās, -tātis, f.age
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
iam, adv.now, already
dūrus, -a, -umhard; harsh; difficult
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
intractābilis, -eunmanageable, invincible
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
refōrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreshape, restore to its former shape
tener, -era, -erumyoung, tender
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictusinvent, make up
an, conj.or (in questions)
prōficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectumaccomplish, make progress
nesciō, -scīre, -scīvīnot know, be ignorant; nesciō quis, I know not who, some one or other (nesciō is thus used with other interrogative words also)
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
successus, -ūs m.outcome, success
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
dēspērō, -spērāre, -spērāvī, -spērātusdespair
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
diūtinus, -a, -umlong-lasting, prolonged
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
sānō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusheal, make good, repair
sī, conj.if
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
intemperantia, -ae f.lack of self-control, arrogance, excess
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
invītus, -a, -umunwilling
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
fīdūcia, -ae f.confidence, trust, reliance
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
quod, conj.that, in that, because
adhūc, adv.to this point, up to this time, yet, still
peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdo wrong
ērubēscō, -ere, -rubuīblush, feel ashamed
nūtriō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusnourish, feed; nurse (a baby)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
quamdiū (adv., conj.)how long; as long as
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
dūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusharden, toughen
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
bonus, -a, -umgood
spēs, speī, f.hope
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
cum, prep, with abl.with
veterānus, -a, -umveteran
parcē (adv.)sparingly, frugally
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
dēspērātiō, -ōnis f.despair, hopelessness
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
ūllus, -a, -umany
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sumapproach; address; attack; undertake
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
interquiēscō, -ere, -quiēvīpause, rest awhile
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
intermissiō, -ōnis f.pause, interruption; sine intermissiōne: unceasingly
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
verbum, -ī, n.word
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
faenus (fēnus), -oris n.interest on money, usury; moneylending
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
nunc, adv.now
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstop, cease, rest; be idle
impendō, -ere, -pendī, -pēnsusspend, devote (time, money, effort)
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
utrum (conj.)whether (utrum … an: whether … or)
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
nōsplur. of ego
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
fortis, -ebrave
praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitusstand in front; show
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
necessārius, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m.necessary, critical; (noun) close friend, relative
lēx, lēgis f.law
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
revertor, -vertī, -versus, perf. act. -vertīturn back, return
dīvitiae, -ārum f. pl.riches, wealth
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
grātuītus, -a, -umfree, without reward, for nothing
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.)need, lack, be in want of
vīlis, -echeap, worthless
pānis, -is m.bread, loaf
aqua, -ae, f.water
dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslong for, miss; require
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
pauper, -erispoor; as a noun, a poor person
intrā, prep. with acc.within
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
dēsīderium, -ī, n.desire, longing
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
fēlīcitās, -ātis f.good fortune, luck
contendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch, hasten
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
epistula, -ae f.letter
involvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtusroll up, wrap, envelop
sīc, adv.so, thus
omnis, -eall, every
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook at or on
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
sine, prep. with abl.without
dubium, -ī n.doubt; sine dubiō: without doubt
custōs, -ōdis m.guard
intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrusbe or lie between
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.thought, reflection; plan, intention
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
longē, adv.far
magnificus, -a, -umsplendid, magnificent
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
vir, virī, m.man
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
semper, adv.always
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
oculus, -ī, m.eye
sed, conj.but
contentus, -a, -umcontent, satisfied (+ abl.)
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
sōlitūdō, -inis f.loneliness; a wilderness, desert
persuādeō, -suādēre, -suāsi, -suāsuspersuade, prevail upon, induce
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
reverentia, -ae f.respect, modesty, shyness
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
paedagōgus, -ī m.slave who escorted and looked after children, tutor
interim (adv.)meanwhile
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusguard
tālis, -esuch
interventus, -ūs m.coming on, intervention
perdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusdestroy, ruin; lose, waste
quoque, adv.also
homō, hominis, m.man
supprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressuspress down, hold back, check
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
dignātiō, -ōnis f.esteem, regard; rank, standing
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
permittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumallow, permit; entrust
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
suādeō, -ēre, suāsī, suāsusadvise, urge
tunc (adv.)then, at that time
praecipuē, adv.especially
sēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw
turba, -ae f.crowd
dissimilis, -eunlike, different
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
circumspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectuslook around; look around for, consider
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
satius, comp. (n.)better, preferable (satius est: it is better)
quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibetany you please, any at all
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
temperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum (ab + abl.)refrain (from)
aliōquīn (adv.)otherwise, or else
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
istīc (adv.)there, where you are
malus, -a, -umbad
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.