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Seneca · Epistulae Morales 2–52

Seneca, Letter 27

Calvisius Sabinus and his learned slaves

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Ep. 27.1"Tū mē," inquis, "monēs?'Are you,' you say, 'advising me? Ep. 27.1Iam enim tē ipse monuistī, iam corrēxistī?Have you already advised yourself, then, already corrected yourself? Ep. 27.1Ideō aliōrum ēmendātiōnī vacās?"Is that why you have leisure for the reform of others?' Ep. 27.1Nōn sum tam inprobus, ut cūrātiōnēs aeger obeam, sed tamquam in eōdem valitūdināriō iaceam, dē commūnī tēcum malō conloquor et remedia commūnicō.I am not so shameless as to undertake cures while I am sick myself; but, as though I were lying in the same infirmary, I talk with you about our common malady and share remedies with you. Ep. 27.1Sīc itaque mē audī, tamquam mēcum loquar.So listen to me as if I were talking to myself. Ep. 27.1In sēcrētum tē meum admittō et tē adhibitō mēcum exigō.I am admitting you into my private chamber and, with you present, I am examining myself. Ep. 27.2Clāmō mihi ipse: "Numerā annōs tuōs, et pudēbit eadem velle, quae voluerās puer, eadem parāre.I cry out to myself: 'Count your years, and you will be ashamed to want the same things you wanted as a boy, to be procuring the same things.

Ep. 27.2Hoc dēnique tibi circā mortis diem praestā: moriantur ante tē vitia.At least do yourself this service as your dying day draws near: let your vices die before you. Ep. 27.2Dīmitte istās voluptātēs turbidās, magnō luendās;Let go of those turbulent pleasures, which must be paid for dearly; Ep. 27.2nōn ventūrae tantum, sed praeteritae nocent.it is not only those to come that do harm, but also those that are past. Ep. 27.2Quemadmodum scelera etiam sī nōn sint dēprehēnsa cum fierent, sollicitūdō nōn cum ipsīs abit;Just as with crimes, even if they were not detected when they were committed, the anxiety does not depart along with them; Ep. 27.2ita inprobārum voluptātum etiam post ipsās paenitentia est.so with shameful pleasures, there is regret even after they are gone. Ep. 27.2Nōn sunt solidae, nōn sunt fidēlēs;They are not solid, they are not faithful; Ep. 27.2etiam sī nōn nocent, fugiunt."even if they do no harm, they fly away.' Ep. 27.3"Aliquod potius bonum mānsūrum circumspice.'Look around rather for some good that will last. Ep. 27.3Nūllum autem est, nisi quod animus ex sē sibi invenit.But there is none, except what the mind finds for itself out of itself.

Ep. 27.3Sōla virtūs praestat gaudium perpetuum, sēcūrum;Virtue alone affords a joy that is everlasting and secure; Ep. 27.3etiam sī quid obstat, nūbium modō intervenit, quae īnfrā feruntur nec umquam diem vincunt."even if something gets in the way, it comes between like clouds, which drift along below and never overpower the daylight.' Ep. 27.4Quandō ad hoc gaudium pervenīre continget?When will it be granted to reach this joy? Ep. 27.4Nōn quidem cessātur adhūc, sed festīnētur.There has been no idleness so far, it is true, but let us make haste. Ep. 27.4Multum restat operis, in quod ipse necesse est vigiliam, ipse labōrem tuum inpendās, sī efficī cupis.Much work remains, on which you yourself must spend your own wakeful nights, your own toil, if you want it accomplished. Ep. 27.4Dēlēgātiōnem rēs ista nōn recipit.This business does not admit of delegation. Ep. 27.5Aliud litterārum genus adiūtōrium admittit.Another kind of literary study does allow assistance. Ep. 27.5Calvisius Sabīnus memoriā nostrā fuit dīves.Within our memory there was a rich man, Calvisius Sabinus. Ep. 27.5Et patrimōnium habēbat lībertīnī et ingenium;He had both the fortune of a freedman and the mind of one; Ep. 27.5numquam vīdī hominem beātum indecentius.I never saw a man whose prosperity was more unbecoming.

Ep. 27.5Huic memoria tam mala erat, ut illī nōmen modo Vlixis excīderet, modo Achillis, modo Priamī, quōs tam bene quam paedagōgōs nostrōs nōvimus.His memory was so bad that the name now of Ulysses would slip from him, now of Achilles, now of Priam, men whom we know as well as we knew our own tutors. Ep. 27.5Nēmō vetulus nōmenclātor, quī nōmina nōn reddit, sed inpōnit, tam perperam tribus quam ille Trōiānōs et Achīvōs persalūtābat.No aged name-caller, who does not give out names but invents them, ever greeted the tribes so wrongly as he greeted the Trojans and the Achaeans. Ep. 27.5Nihilōminus ērudītus volēbat vidērī.Nonetheless he wanted to seem learned. Ep. 27.6Hanc itaque conpendiāriam excōgitāvit: magnā summā ēmit servōs, ūnum, quī Homērum tenēret, alterum, quī Hēsiodum;So he thought up this short cut: he bought slaves for a great sum, one to know Homer by heart, another Hesiod; Ep. 27.6novem praetereā lyricīs singulōs adsignāvit.besides this, he assigned one to each of the nine lyric poets. Ep. 27.6Magnō ēmisse illum nōn est quod mīrēris;There is no reason for you to wonder that he paid a great deal for them; Ep. 27.6nōn invēnerat, faciendōs locāvit.he had not found them ready, so he contracted for them to be made.

Ep. 27.6Postquam haec familia illī conparāta est, coepit convīvās suōs inquiētāre.Once this household had been got together for him, he began to pester his dinner guests. Ep. 27.6Habēbat ad pedēs hōs, ā quibus subinde cum peteret versūs, quōs referret, saepe in mediō verbō excīdēbat.He kept these men at his feet, and though he kept asking them for verses to repeat, he would often break down in the middle of a word. Ep. 27.7Suāsit illī Satellius Quadrātus, stultōrum dīvitum adrōsor, et quod sequitur, adrīsor, et quod duōbus hīs adiūnctum est, dērīsor, ut grammaticōs habēret analectās.Satellius Quadratus, a nibbler at rich fools, and, what follows from that, a smiler at them, and, what goes with both of these, a mocker of them, advised him to keep scholars as gatherers of scraps. Ep. 27.7Cum dīxisset Sabīnus centēnīs mīlibus sibi cōnstāre singulōs servōs;When Sabinus had said that each slave had cost him a hundred thousand sesterces; Ep. 27.7"Minōris," inquit, "totidem scrīnia ēmissēs."'You could have bought as many bookcases for less,' said he. Ep. 27.7Ille tamen in eā opīniōne erat, ut putāret sē scīre, quod quisquam in domō suā scīret.Yet Sabinus held to the belief that he knew whatever anyone in his house knew.

Ep. 27.8Īdem Satellius illum hortārī coepit, ut luctārētur, hominem aegrum, pallidum, gracilem.This same Satellius began urging him to take up wrestling, a sickly, pale, skinny man. Ep. 27.8Cum Sabīnus respondisset: "Et quōmodo possum?When Sabinus replied: 'And how can I? Ep. 27.8Vix vīvō."I am barely alive.' Ep. 27.8"Nōlī, obsecrō tē," inquit, "istuc dīcere;'Please,' said he, 'do not say that; Ep. 27.8nōn vidēs, quam multōs servōs valentissimōs habeās?"don't you see how many very strong slaves you have?' Ep. 27.8Bona mēns nec commodātur nec emitur.A sound mind can be neither borrowed nor bought. Ep. 27.8Et putō, sī vēnālis esset, nōn habēret ēmptōrem.And I think that if it were for sale, it would find no buyer. Ep. 27.8At mala cōtīdiē emitur.But an unsound one is bought every day. Ep. 27.9Sed accipe iam quod dēbeō et valē.But now take what I owe you, and farewell. Ep. 27.9"Dīvitiae sunt ad lēgem nātūrae conpositā paupertās."'Riches are poverty adjusted to the law of nature.' Ep. 27.9Hoc saepe dīcit Epicūrus aliter atque aliter;Epicurus often says this, in one way and another; Ep. 27.9sed numquam nimis dīcitur, quod numquam satis discitur.but what is never learned enough is never said too often.

Ep. 27.9Quibusdam remedia mōnstranda, quibusdam inculcanda sunt.To some people remedies must be pointed out, into others they must be drummed. Ep. 27.9Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, indirect statement ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×4, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (260 words)
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
iam, adv.now, already
enim, conj.for
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
corrigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusstraighten, set right, reform
ideō (adv.)for that reason, therefore
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
ēmendātiō, -ōnis f.correction, revision
vacō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbe empty, be unoccupied
nōn, adv.not
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
tam, adv.so
improbus, -a, -umwicked, shameless; persistent, relentless; as noun: rogue
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
cūrātiō, -ōnis f.medical treatment, cure; care, management, charge
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
obeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to meet; attend to, carry out
sed, conj.but
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
valētūdinārium, -ī n.infirmary, sickroom
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
colloquor (conloquor), -ī, -locūtus sumtalk with, confer
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
remedium, -ī, n.remedy
commūnicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshare; in the Gospels also: make common, make (ritually) unclean
sīc, adv.so, thus
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
sēcrētum, -ī n.a private place; secret
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend to, admit; allow
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold to, employ, show
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshout, cry out; proclaim
numerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount, number; reckon, count as
annus, -ī, m.year
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
pudet, -ēre, puduit (impers.)it shames, one is ashamed
volō, velle, voluīwish
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
puer, puerī, m.boy
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
mors, mortīs, f.death
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitusstand in front; show
morior, morī, mortuusdie
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
turbidus, -a, -umstormy, wild, confused
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
luō, -ere, luīpay; atone for, expiate
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
praeteritus, -a, -umpast (praeterita: the past)
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
quemadmodum (adv.)how, in what way; just as
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
sī, conj.if
dēprehendō, -ere, -hendī, -hēnsuscatch, seize, overtake; detect
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
sollicitūdō, -tūdinis, f.anxiety, care, apprehension
cum, prep, with abl.with
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
paenitentia, -ae f.repentance, change of heart
solidus, -a, -umwhole, complete, solid
fidēlis, -efaithful, loyal
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
potius (adv.)rather
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
circumspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectuslook around; look around for, consider
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
nisi, conj.if not, unless
quod, conj.that, in that, because
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
sōlus, -a, -umalone
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
gaudium, -ī, n.gladness, joy
perpetuus, -a, -umcontinuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever
sēcūrus, -a, -umfree from care, untroubled; careless (of: gen.)
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
obstō, -stāre, -stitīstand in the way, block, oppose (+ dat.)
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
interveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumcome in between, arrive in the middle of things
īnfrā (adv. and prep. + acc.)below, further down
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
umquam, adv.ever
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstop, cease, rest; be idle
adhūc, adv.to this point, up to this time, yet, still
festīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumhurry, make haste
multum, -ī, n.much
restō, -āre, restitīstay behind, remain
opus, operis, n.work, task
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
impendō, -ere, -pendī, -pēnsusspend, devote (time, money, effort)
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
dēlēgātiō, -ōnis f.assignment of a debt to another, delegation
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
littera, -ae f.letter (of the alphabet); pl. letter, writing
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
adiūtor, -ōris m.helper, assistant
memoria, -ae, f.memory
noster, -tra, -trumour
dīves, dīvitis (superl. dītissimus)rich
patrimōnium, -ī n.inheritance, family estate
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
lībertīnus, -a, -umof a freedman; as noun, freedman
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
numquam, adv.never
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
homō, hominis, m.man
beātus, -a, -umhappy, blessed
indecenter (adv.)unbecomingly, in poor taste
malus, -a, -umbad
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
modo, adv.only
excīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut out, cut down, hew through
bene, adv.well; successfully
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
paedagōgus, -ī m.slave who escorted and looked after children, tutor
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtumget to know (perf. nōvī: know)
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
vetulus, -a, -umold, little old; (as noun) old man
nōmenclātor, -ōris m.slave who told his master the names of people he met
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
perperam (adv.)wrongly
tribus, -ūs f.tribe, one of the divisions of the Roman people
persalūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgreet one after another
nihilō minusnevertheless
ērudiō, -rudīre, -rudīvī, -rudītusinstruct
compendiāria, -ae f.short cut
excōgitō, -cōgitāre, -cōgitāvī, -cōgitātusthink out, contrive, devise, invent
summa, -ae f.total, sum; supreme command
emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptumbuy
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
novem, indecl. adj.nine
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
lyricus, -a, -umof the lyre, lyric
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
adsignō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassign, allot; put down to, impute to
mīror, -ārī, -ātuswonder, wonder at
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātusprepare, collect
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
convīva, -ae m. and f.guest (at a meal)
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
inquiētō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdisturb, trouble, harass
pēs, pedis, m.foot
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
subinde (adv.)immediately after; repeatedly, from time to time
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
versus, -ūs m.line (of writing), verse
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
saepe, adv.often, frequently
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
verbum, -ī, n.word
suādeō, -ēre, suāsī, suāsusadvise, urge
stultus, -a, -umfoolish, stupid
adrōsor, -ōris m.nibbler, sponger
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
arrīsor (adrīsor), -ōris m.flatterer, one who smiles approval
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
dērīsor, -ōris m.mocker, scoffer; jester, buffoon
grammaticus, -a, -umof grammar or literature; as noun, teacher of literature, scholar, critic
analecta, -ae m.slave who gathers up crumbs; (jokingly) sponger
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
centēnī, -ae, -aa hundred each, in hundreds
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrusstand together, agree; consist;
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
totidem (indecl.)just as many
scrīnium, -ī n.a case or box for papers, document box
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
opīniō, -ōnis, f.opinion, expectation; reputation
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
hortor, -ārī, -ātusexhort, encourage, urge
luctor, -ārī, -ātuswrestle, struggle
pallidus, -a, -umpale, pallid
gracilis, -eslender, thin, fine
respondeō, -spondēre, -spondī, -spōnsusreply, answer
quōmodo (adv.)how; in what way
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
obsecrō, -secrāre, -secrāvī, -secrātusbeseech, entreat
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
valēns, -entisstrong, powerful
bonus, -a, -umgood
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
commodō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslend, provide, supply
vēnālis, -efor sale; venal, open to bribery
ēmptor, -ōris m.buyer, purchaser
at, conj.but
cottīdiē, adv.daily, every day
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
dīvitiae, -ārum f. pl.riches, wealth
lēx, lēgis f.law
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
paupertās, -ātis f.poverty, small means
aliter, adv.in another way, otherwise, differently
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
nimis (adv.)too much, too
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
discō, discere, didicīlearn
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspoint out, show
inculcō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstuff in, insert; force upon, impress, drive home
Seneca, Epistulae Morales 2–52. Latin text: R. M. Gummere, Seneca: Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Loeb, 1917–25), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.