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Seneca · De Clementia

De Clementia 8

The servitude of supreme power

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Clem. 1.8.1Grave putās ēripī loquendī arbitrium rēgibus, quod humillimī habent.You think it a hardship that kings should be robbed of the freedom of speech which the humblest have. Clem. 1.8.1" Ista," inquis, " servitūs est, nōn imperium."'That,' you say, 'is slavery, not sovereignty.' Clem. 1.8.1Quid ?What? Clem. 1.8.1tū nōn experīris istud nōbīs esse, tibi servitūtem ?do you not find that the sovereignty is ours, and the slavery yours? Clem. 1.8.1Alia condiciō est eōrum, quī in turbā, quam nōn excēdunt, latent, quōrum et virtūtēs, ut appāreant, diū luctantur et vitia tenebrās habent ;Different is the situation of those who lie hidden in a crowd which they do not rise above, whose virtues struggle long to become visible and whose vices have darkness to cover them; Clem. 1.8.1vestra facta dictaque rūmor excipit, et ideō nūllīs magis cūrandum est, quālem fāmam habeant, quam quī, quālemcumque meruerint, magnam habitūrī sunt.your deeds and words are taken up by rumour, and so none should care more what reputation they have than those who, whatever reputation they deserve, are bound to have a great one. Clem. 1.8.2Quam multa tibi nōn licent, quae nōbīs beneficiō tuō licent !How many things are not permitted to you which, thanks to you, are permitted to us!

Clem. 1.8.2Possum in quālibet parte urbis sōlus incēdere sine timōre, quamvīs nūllus sequātur comes, nūllus sit domī, nūllus ad latus gladius ;I can walk alone in any part of the city without fear, though no companion follows me, though I have none at home, no sword at my side; Clem. 1.8.2tibi in tuā pāce armātō vīvendum est.you must live armed in your own peace. Clem. 1.8.2Aberrāre ā fortūnā tuā nōn potes ;You cannot stray from your fortune; Clem. 1.8.2obsidet tē et, quōcumque dēscendis, magnō apparātū sequitur.it besieges you and, wherever you go down, follows you with great pomp. Clem. 1.8.3Est haec summae magnitūdinis servitūs nōn posse fierī minōrem;This is the slavery of supreme greatness, that it cannot become smaller; Clem. 1.8.3sed cum dīs tibi commūnis ipsa necessitās est.but this very constraint you share with the gods. Clem. 1.8.3Nam illōs quoque caelum alligātōs tenet, nec magis illīs dēscendere datum est quam tibi tūtum ;For heaven holds them too in bonds, and it is no more granted to them to descend than it is safe for you; Clem. 1.8.3fastīgiō tuō adfīxus es.you are fixed to your pinnacle. Clem. 1.8.4Nostrōs mōtūs paucī sentiunt, prōdīre nōbīs ac recēdere et mūtāre habitum sine sēnsū pūblicō licet ;Few notice our movements; we may come forth and withdraw and change our dress without the public noticing; Clem. 1.8.4tibi nōn magis quam sōlī latēre contingit.you can no more hide than the sun can.

Clem. 1.8.4Multa circā tē lūx est, omnium in istam conversī oculī sunt.There is much light around you; all eyes are turned upon it. Clem. 1.8.4Prōdīre tē putās ?You think you are going out? Clem. 1.8.4Orīris.You are rising. Clem. 1.8.5Loquī nōn potes, nisi ut vōcem tuam, quae ubīque sunt gentēs, excipiant ;You cannot speak without the nations everywhere catching your voice; Clem. 1.8.5īrāscī nōn potes, nisi ut omnia tremant, quia nēminem adflīgere, nisi ut, quidquid circā fuerit, quatiātur.you cannot be angry without everything trembling, because you cannot strike anyone without whatever is around him being shaken. Clem. 1.8.5Ut fulmina paucōrum perīculō cadunt, omnium metū, sīc animadversiōnēs magnārum potestātum terrent lātius quam nocent, nōn sine causā ;As thunderbolts fall with danger to few but fear to all, so the punishments of great powers terrify more widely than they harm, and not without reason; Clem. 1.8.5nōn enim, quantum fēcerit, sed quantum factūrus sit, cōgitātur in eō, quī omnia potest.for in one who can do all things men think not of how much he has done, but of how much he may do. Clem. 1.8.6Adice nunc, quod prīvātōs hominēs ad accipiendās iniūriās opportūniōrēs acceptārum patientia facit, rēgibus certior est ex mānsuētūdine sēcūritās, quia frequēns vindicta paucōrum odium opprimit, omnium irrītat.Add now that, whereas private men are made more open to receiving injuries by enduring those received, for kings there is surer security in gentleness, because frequent vengeance crushes the hatred of a few but provokes that of all.

Clem. 1.8.7Voluntās oportet ante saeviendī quam causa dēficiat ;The will to rage should give out before the cause does; Clem. 1.8.7aliōquī, quemadmodum praecīsae arborēs plūrimīs rāmīs repullulant et multa satōrum genera, ut dēnsiōra surgant, reciduntur, ita rēgia crūdēlitās auget inimīcōrum numerum tollendō ;otherwise, just as trees that are cut back sprout again with very many branches, and many kinds of crops are cut down so that they may come up thicker, so royal cruelty increases the number of enemies by removing them; Clem. 1.8.7parentēs enim līberīque eōrum, quī interfectī sunt, et propinquī et amīcī in locum singulōrum succēdunt.for the parents and children of those who have been killed, and their kinsmen and friends, step into the place of each one.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×6, indirect statement ×3, purpose clauses ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (195 words)
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
ēripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptussnatch out or away, rescue
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
arbitrium, -ī n.judgment, will, pleasure
rēx, rēgis, m.king
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
nōn, adv.not
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
nōsplur. of ego
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
condiciō, -ōnis f.terms; condition, status
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
turba, -ae f.crowd
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
lateō, -ēre, -uīlie hid, be concealed
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
luctor, -ārī, -ātuswrestle, struggle
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
vester, -tra, -trumyour
factum, -ī n.deed, act
dictum, -ī n.word, order (dictō audiēns: obedient)
que, enclitic conj.and
rūmor, -ōris m.rumour, report
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
ideō (adv.)for that reason, therefore
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
quālis, -eof what sort? what kind of?
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quāliscumque, -iscumque, -ecumqueof whatever kind
mereō, -ēre, meruī, meritusdeserve, earn
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
beneficium, -ī, n.well-doing, kindness, service, benefit
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quīlibet, quaelibet, quodlibetany you please, any at all
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
urbs, urbis, f.city
sōlus, -a, -umalone
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
sine, prep. with abl.without
timor, -ōris, m.fear
quamvīs (adv.)however much, as … as you like
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
comes, -itis, m. and f.companion
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
latus, lateris n.side, flank
gladius, -ī, m.sword
pāx, pācis f.peace
armō, -āre, -āvi, -ātusarm, equip
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
aberrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswander away, stray; deviate, err
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
obsideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessusbeset, besiege
quōcumque (adv.)to whatever place; in whatever direction
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb down, descend
apparātus, -ūs m.preparation; display, splendour
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
magnitūdō, -tūdinis, f.greatness, size
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
sed, conj.but
cum, prep, with abl.with
deus, -ī, m.god
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
necessitās, -ātis f.necessity, compulsion
nam, conj.for
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
quoque, adv.also
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
alligō (adligō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusbind, tie up; (fig.) bind, entangle
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
fastīgium, -ī n.top, summit; slope; height
affīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxumfasten to
noster, -tra, -trumour
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsusperceive, feel
prōdeō, -īre, prōdiī, prōditumgo forward, come out
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
habitus, -ūs m.condition, state; bearing, character
sēnsus, -ūs m.feeling, sensation; perception; sentiment
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
contingō, -ere, -tigī, -tāctumtouch, reach
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
lūx, lūcis, f.light
omnis, -eall, every
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
oculus, -ī, m.eye
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
nisi, conj.if not, unless
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
ubīque (adv.)everywhere
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātusbe angry
tremō, -ere, -uītremble, shake
quia (conj.)because
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
adflīgō, -flīgere, -flīxi, -flīctusdash to, shatter
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
quatiō, -ere, —, quassusshake, beat
fulmen, -inis n.thunderbolt, lightning
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
sīc, adv.so, thus
animadversiō, -ōnis f.notice; censure, punishment
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
lātēwidely
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
enim, conj.for
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
nunc, adv.now
quod, conj.that, in that, because
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
homō, hominis, m.man
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
opportūnus, -a, -umsuitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune
patientia, -ae f.endurance, hardiness
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
mānsuētūdō, -inis f.gentleness, mercy
sēcūritās, -ātis f.freedom from care, composure
frequēns, -entiscrowded, in great numbers; frequent
vindicta, -ae f.vengeance, revenge
odium, -ī, n.hatred
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress against, overpower, crush
irrītō (inrītō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusprovoke, stir up
voluntās, -tātis, f.wish, will
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
saeviō, -īre, -iī, -ītumrage
dēficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusfail
aliōquī (adv.)otherwise; in other respects
quemadmodum (adv.)how, in what way; just as
praecīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut off
arbor, -oris, f.tree
rāmus, -ī, m.branch, bough
repullulō, -āresprout again, put out new shoots
serō, serere, sēvī, satussow, plant
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
dēnsus, -a, -umthick
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctusrise, get up, stand up
recidō, -ere, reccidī, -cāsūrusfall back; (of a matter) come down to, devolve on
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
rēgius, -a, -umroyal, kingly
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
inimīcus, -a, -umunfriendly, hostile
numerus, -ī, m.number
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.children
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
propinquus, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m./-a f.near; (noun) relative
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo or come under, follow after, succeed
Seneca, De Clementia. Latin text: J. W. Basore, Seneca: Moral Essays I (Loeb, 1928), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.