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Seneca · De Clementia

De Clementia 7

Rulers should imitate merciful gods

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Clem. 1.7.1Quoniam deōrum fēcī mentiōnem, optimē hoc exemplum prīncipī cōnstituam, ad quod fōrmētur, ut sē tālem esse cīvibus, quālēs sibi deōs velit.Since I have mentioned the gods, I shall best set up this example for a prince, by which he may shape himself: that he should be to his citizens such as he would wish the gods to be to him. Clem. 1.7.1Expedit ergō habēre inexōrābilia peccātīs atque errōribus nūmina, expedit ūsque ad ultimam īnfesta perniciem ?Is it to our advantage, then, to have deities inexorable towards sins and errors, to our advantage that they be hostile even to the point of final destruction? Clem. 1.7.1Et quis rēgum erit tūtus, cuius nōn membra haruspicēs colligant ?And what king will be safe, and not have his limbs gathered up by the soothsayers? Clem. 1.7.2Quod sī dī plācābilēs et aequī dēlicta potentium nōn statim fulminibus persequuntur, quantō aequius est hominem hominibus praepositum mītī animō exercēre imperium et cōgitāre, uter mundī status grātior oculīs pulchriorque sit, serēnō et pūrō diē, an cum fragōribus crēbrīs omnia quatiuntur et ignēs hinc atque illinc micant !But if the gods, merciful and just, do not at once pursue the offences of the powerful with thunderbolts, how much more just is it for a man set over men to exercise his rule with a gentle mind, and to consider which state of the world is more pleasing to the eyes and more beautiful, on a calm and clear day, or when everything is shaken by repeated crashes and fires flash on this side and that!

Clem. 1.7.2Atquī nōn alia faciēs est quiētī mōrātīque imperiī quam serēnī caelī et nitentis.And yet the face of a peaceful and well-ordered rule is no different from that of a calm and shining sky. Clem. 1.7.3Crūdēle regnum turbidum tenebrīsque obscūrum est, inter trementēs et ad repentīnum sonitum expavēscentēs nē eō quidem, quī omnia perturbat, inconcussō.A cruel reign is turbulent and dark with shadows, among men who tremble and start in terror at a sudden sound, while not even he who throws everything into turmoil is unshaken. Clem. 1.7.3Facilius prīvātīs ignōscitur pertināciter sē vindicantibus ;Private persons are more readily pardoned for avenging themselves stubbornly; Clem. 1.7.3possunt enim laedī, dolorque eōrum ab iniūriā venit ;for they can be hurt, and their resentment comes from an injury; Clem. 1.7.3timent praetereā contemptum, et nōn rettulisse laedentibus grātiam īnfirmitās vidētur, nōn clēmentia ;besides, they fear contempt, and not to have repaid those who hurt them looks like weakness, not clemency; Clem. 1.7.3at cui ultiō in facilī est, is omissā eā certam laudem mānsuētūdinis- cōnsequitur consequitur.but he for whom vengeance is easy wins sure praise for gentleness by forgoing it. Clem. 1.7.4Humilī locō positīs exercēre manum, lītigāre, in rixam prōcurrere ac mōrem īrae suae gerere līberius est ;Those placed in a humble station are freer to use their fists, to go to law, to rush into a brawl and to indulge their anger; Clem. 1.7.4levēs inter paria ictūs sunt ;blows between equals are light; Clem. 1.7.4rēgī vōciferātiō quoque verbōrumque intemperantia nōn ex maiestāte est.for a king even shouting and intemperate language are beneath his majesty.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (149 words)
quoniam, conj.since now, since
deus, -ī, m.god
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
mentiō, -ōnis, f.mention
bene, adv.well; successfully
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset together or up; appoint; determine
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
fōrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshape, form, fashion
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
tālis, -esuch
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
quālis, -eof what sort? what kind of?
volō, velle, voluīwish
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
inexōrābilis, -erelentless, not to be moved by entreaty
peccātum, -ī n.fault, sin
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
error, -ōris m.wandering; mistake, error
nūmen, -inis n.divine power, divinity
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
perniciēs, -ēī f.ruin, destruction
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
rēx, rēgis, m.king
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
nōn, adv.not
membrum, -ī, n.limb, member
haruspex, -icis m.soothsayer who read the will of the gods from the entrails of sacrifices
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
quod, conj.that, in that, because
sī, conj.if
plācābilis, -eeasily appeased; appeasing, propitious
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
dēlictum, -ī n.offence, crime
potēns, -entispowerful
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
fulmen, -inis n.thunderbolt, lightning
persequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, pursue
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
homō, hominis, m.man
praepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput in command of
mītis, -emild, gentle (adv. mītissimē: as gently as possible)
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
uter, utra, utrumwhich? of two
mundus, -ī m.world, universe
status, -ūs m.condition, state
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
oculus, -ī, m.eye
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumbeautiful
que, enclitic conj.and
serēnus, -a, -umclear, calm, fair
pūrus, -a, -umclean, pure; (of land) clear, unbuilt
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
an, conj.or (in questions)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
fragor, -ōris m.crash, din
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
omnis, -eall, every
quatiō, -ere, —, quassusshake, beat
ignis, -is, m.fire
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
illinc, adv.from there, on that side
micō, -āre, -uīflash, glitter
atquī (conj.)and yet, but, well then
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
mōrātus, -a, -umhaving manners or character of a certain kind; well-conducted, orderly
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
niteō, -ēre, -uīshine, glisten, be sleek
crūdēlis, -ecruel
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
turbidus, -a, -umstormy, wild, confused
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
obscūrus, -a, -umdark
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
tremō, -ere, -uītremble, shake
repentīnus, -a, -umsudden
sonitus, -ūs, m.sound, noise
expavēscō, -ere, -pāvībe terrified, take fright
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
perturbō, -turbāre, -turbāvi, -turbātusgreatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion
inconcussus, -a, -umunshaken, firm, undisturbed
facile, adv.easily
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
ignōscō, -ere, ignōvī, ignōtum (+ dat.)pardon, forgive
pertināciter (adv.)stubbornly, persistently
vindicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpunish; claim
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
enim, conj.for
laedō, -ere, laesī, laesushurt, injure; break (an oath)
dolor, -ōris, m.pain, grief; anger
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
contemptus, -ūs m.contempt (contemptuī esse: be despised)
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
īnfirmitās, -ātis f.weakness; fickleness
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
clēmentia, -ae, f.mercy, kindness
at, conj.but
ultiō, -ōnis f.revenge, vengeance
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missuslet go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
mānsuētūdō, -inis f.gentleness, mercy
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, follow; overtake
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
manus, -ūs, f.hand
lītigō, -āre, -āvīquarrel, dispute
rixa, -ae f.brawl, quarrel
prōcurrō, -ere, prōcucurrīrun forward, charge
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
līber, lībera, līberumfree
levis, -elight, slight
pār, parisequal
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
vōciferātiō, -ōnis f.loud shouting, outcry, clamour
quoque, adv.also
verbum, -ī, n.word
intemperantia, -ae f.lack of self-control, arrogance, excess
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
Seneca, De Clementia. Latin text: J. W. Basore, Seneca: Moral Essays I (Loeb, 1928), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.