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Seneca · De Clementia

De Clementia 25

The savagery of cruelty

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Clem. 1.25.1Crūdēlitās minimē hūmānum malum est indignumque tam mītī animō ;Cruelty is the least human of evils and unworthy of so gentle a mind; Clem. 1.25.1ferīna ista rabiēs est sanguine gaudēre ac vulneribus et abiectō homine in silvestre animal trānsīre.it is the madness of a beast to delight in blood and wounds and, casting off humanity, to change into a creature of the woods. Clem. 1.25.1Quid enim interest, ōrō tē, Alexander, leōnī Lysimachum obiciās an ipse lacerēs dentibus tuīs ?For what difference does it make, I ask you, Alexander, whether you throw Lysimachus to a lion or tear him with your own teeth? Clem. 1.25.1Tuum illud ōs est, tua illa feritās.That mouth is yours, that savagery is yours. Clem. 1.25.1Ō quam cuperēs tibi potius unguēs esse, tibi rictum illum edendōrum hominum capācem !Oh, how you would wish that you rather had the claws, you the gaping jaws able to devour men! Clem. 1.25.1Nōn exigimus ā tē, ut manus ista, exitium familiārium certissimum, ūllī salūtāris sit, ut iste animus ferōx, īnsatiābile gentium malum, citrā sanguinem caedemque satiētur ;We do not ask of you that that hand of yours, the surest destruction of your friends, should bring safety to anyone, or that that fierce spirit, the insatiable bane of nations, should be sated short of blood and slaughter; Clem. 1.25.1clēmentia iam vocātur, ad occīdendum amīcum cum carnifex inter hominēs ēligitur.it is now called clemency when, to kill a friend, an executioner is chosen from among men.

Clem. 1.25.2Hoc est, quārē vel maximē abōminanda sit saevitia, quod excēdit fīnēs prīmum solitōs, deinde hūmānōs, nova supplicia conquīrit, ingenium advocat ut īnstrūmenta excōgitet per quae variētur atque extendātur dolor, dēlectātur malīs hominum ;This is why savagery is to be abhorred above all, because it goes beyond first the usual bounds, then human ones, hunts out new punishments, summons ingenuity to devise instruments by which pain may be varied and prolonged, and delights in men's sufferings; Clem. 1.25.2tunc illī dīrus animī morbus ad īnsāniam pervēnit ultimam, cum crūdēlitās versa est in voluptātem et iam occīdere hominem iuvat.then that dreadful disease of the mind reaches the utmost insanity, when cruelty has turned into pleasure and to kill a man is now a delight. Clem. 1.25.3Mātūra tālem virum ā tergō sequitur āversiō, odia, venēna, gladiī;Soon such a man is pursued from behind by aversion, hatred, poison, swords; Clem. 1.25.3tam multīs perīculīs petitur, quam multōrum ipse perīculum est, prīvātīsque nōn numquam cōnsiliīs, aliās vērō cōnsternātiōne pūblicā circumvenītur.he is attacked by as many dangers as the many to whom he himself is a danger, and he is beset sometimes by private plots, at other times by public uprising.

Clem. 1.25.3Levis enim et prīvāta perniciēs nōn tōtās urbēs movet ;For slight and private harm does not stir whole cities; Clem. 1.25.3quod lātē furere coepit et omnēs appetit, undique cōnfīgitur.what has begun to rage far and wide and attacks everyone is pierced from every side. Clem. 1.25.4Serpentēs parvulae fallunt nec pūblicē conquīruntur ;Little snakes escape notice and are not hunted down by public effort; Clem. 1.25.4ubi aliqua solitam mēnsūram trānsit et in mōnstrum excrēvit, ubi fontēs spūtū īnficit et, sī adflāvit, dēūrit obteritque, quācumque incessit, ballistīs petitur.when one exceeds the usual size and has grown into a monster, when it poisons springs with its spittle and, if it breathes on anything, scorches and crushes it wherever it goes, it is attacked with ballistae. Clem. 1.25.4Possunt verba dare et ēvādere pusilla mala, ingentibus obviam itur.Petty evils can deceive us and escape; huge ones are met head-on. Clem. 1.25.5Sīc ūnus aeger nē domum quidem perturbat ;So one sick man does not even disturb a household; Clem. 1.25.5at ubi crēbrīs mortibus pestilentiam esse appāruit, conclāmātiō cīvitātis ac fuga est, et dīs ipsīs manūs intentantur.but when frequent deaths have shown that there is a plague, there is an outcry in the city and flight, and fists are shaken at the gods themselves.

Clem. 1.25.5Sub ūnō aliquō tēctō flamma appāruit : familia vīcīnīque aquam ingerunt ;A flame has appeared under some single roof: the household and the neighbours pour on water; Clem. 1.25.5at incendium vāstum et multās iam domōs dēpāstum parte urbis obruitur.but a vast conflagration that has already devoured many houses is smothered with part of the city.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, indirect statement ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×3, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (197 words)
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
que, enclitic conj.and
tam, adv.so
mītis, -emild, gentle (adv. mītissimē: as gently as possible)
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ferīnus, -a, -umof wild beasts; (f. as noun) game, wild meat
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
rabiēs, -ēī f.madness, fury
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
homō, hominis, m.man
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
silvester, -tris, -trewooded, overgrown with trees
animal, -ālis n.living creature, animal
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
enim, conj.for
intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrusbe or lie between
ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusspeak; beg, pray
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
leō, -ōnis, m.lion
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
an, conj.or (in questions)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
lacerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustear to pieces; squander, waste
dēns, dentis, m.tooth
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
feritās, -ātis f.wildness, savagery
ō (interj.)O! oh!
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
potius (adv.)rather
unguis, -is m.fingernail, nail; claw
rictus, -ūs m.the open mouth, gaping jaws
edō, ēsse (edere), ēdī, ēsumeat
capāx, -ācisroomy, spacious; capable (of: gen.)
nōn, adv.not
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
manus, -ūs, f.hand
exitium, -ī n.destruction, ruin
familiāris, -e; as noun, -is m.of the household (rēs familiāris: private property); friend
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
ūllus, -a, -umany
salūtāris, -ehealthful, beneficial, bringing safety
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
īnsatiābilis, -ethat cannot be satisfied, insatiable
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
citrā (prep. + acc.)on this side of
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
satiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfill, satisfy; satiārī, eat one's fill
clēmentia, -ae, f.mercy, kindness
iam, adv.now, already
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
carnifex, -icis m.executioner, torturer; butcher, murderer
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
ēligō, -ere, ēlēgī, ēlēctumpick out, choose
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
quārē (adv.)why; for which reason
velor; vel … vel: either … or
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
abōminor, -ārī, -ātus sumdetest, loathe; (pass. sense) be abhorred, be unlawful
saevitia, -ae f.fierceness, cruelty
quod, conj.that, in that, because
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
solitus, -a, -umusual, customary, accustomed
deinde, adv.then, next
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
supplicium, -ī, n.punishment, torture
conquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch out, hunt down
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
advocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon (contiōnem advocāre: call an assembly)
īnstrūmentum, -ī n.tool, equipment; pl. gear, baggage
excōgitō, -cōgitāre, -cōgitāvī, -cōgitātusthink out, contrive, devise, invent
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
variō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusvary; differ, disagree
extendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentumstretch out, extend
dolor, -ōris, m.pain, grief; anger
dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplease, delight; passive: enjoy, take pleasure in
tunc (adv.)then, at that time
dīrus, -a, -umdreadful
morbus, -ī m.sickness, disease
īnsānia, -ae, f.madness, insanity
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtumhelp
mātūrus, -a, -umripe
tālis, -esuch
vir, virī, m.man
tergum, -ī, n.back
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
āversiō, -ōnis f.turning away; aversion, hatred
odium, -ī, n.hatred
venēnum, -ī, n.poison
gladius, -ī, m.sword
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
numquam, adv.never
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
aliās (adv.)at another time (aliās … aliās: sometimes … sometimes)
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
cōnsternātiō, -ōnis f.alarm, dismay; mutiny, uproar
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
levis, -elight, slight
perniciēs, -ēī f.ruin, destruction
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
urbs, urbis, f.city
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
lātēwidely
furō, -ererage, rave, be mad
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
omnis, -eall, every
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītusdraw near
undique, adv.from or on all sides
cōnfīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxumfasten together
serpēns, -entis, f.serpent
parvulus, -a, -umvery small, petty
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
pūblicē (adv.)officially, as a state
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
mēnsūra, -ae f.measurement, measure
mōnstrum, -ī, n.wonder, monster
excrēscō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusgrow up, grow out, increase
fōns, fontis, m.fountain, spring
spūtus, -ūs m. (spūtum, -ī n.)spittle, spit
īnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusstain, dye
sī, conj.if
afflō (adflō), -āre, -āvī, -ātumbreathe on
dēūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustusburn down, burn up
obterō, -terere, -trīvī, -trītustrample, crush
quācumque (adv.)wherever, by whatever way
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
ballista (balista), -ae f.ballista, a siege engine for hurling missiles
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
verbum, -ī, n.word
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
pusillus, -a, -umvery small, little; pusilli: little ones
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
sīc, adv.so, thus
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
aeger, -gra, -grumsick, ill; as noun, a sick man
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
perturbō, -turbāre, -turbāvi, -turbātusgreatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion
at, conj.but
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
mors, mortīs, f.death
pestilentia, -ae f.plague, pestilence
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
conclāmātiō, -ōnis f.a shouting together, acclamation
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
fuga, -ae, f.flight
deus, -ī, m.god
intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusaim at, threaten (something at someone)
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
flamma, -ae, f.flame
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
vīcīnus, -ī m.neighbor
aqua, -ae, f.water
ingerō, -gerere, -gessī, -gestusheap on, pour in; stuff in
incendium, -ī n.fire, burning
vāstus, -a, -umwaste, huge, enormous, vast
dēpāscor, -ī, -pāstus sumfeed on, devour
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
obruō, -ere, -ruī, -rutusoverwhelm, bury, crush
Seneca, De Clementia. Latin text: J. W. Basore, Seneca: Moral Essays I (Loeb, 1928), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.