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Seneca · De Clementia

De Clementia 26

The miseries of a cruel reign

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Clem. 1.26.1Crūdēlitātem prīvātōrum quoque servīlēs manūs sub certō crucis perīculō ultae sunt ;Even the cruelty of private men has been avenged by the hands of slaves, despite the certain danger of the cross; Clem. 1.26.1tyrannōrum gentēs populīque et, quōrum erat malum, et eī, quibus inminēbat, exscindere adgressī sunt.that of tyrants nations and peoples, both those to whom it was an evil and those over whom it hung, have set out to root out. Clem. 1.26.1Aliquandō sua praesidia in ipsōs cōnsurrēxērunt perfidiamque et impietātem et feritātem et, quidquid ab illīs didicerant, in ipsōs exercuērunt.At times their own guards have risen against them, and have practised on them the treachery, impiety and savagery, and whatever else they had learned from them. Clem. 1.26.1Quid enim potest quisquam ab eō spērāre, quem malum esse docuit ?For what can anyone hope from one whom he has taught to be wicked? Clem. 1.26.1Nōn diū nēquitia appāret nec, quantum iubētur, peccat.Wickedness does not stay obedient long, nor sin only as much as it is ordered. Clem. 1.26.2Sed putā esse tūtam crūdēlitātem, quāle eius regnum est ?But suppose cruelty were safe: what is its reign like?

Clem. 1.26.2Nōn aliud quam captārum urbium fōrma et terribilēs faciēs pūblicī metūs.Nothing other than the appearance of captured cities and the terrible faces of public fear. Clem. 1.26.2Omnia maesta, trepida, cōnfūsa ;Everything is gloomy, fearful, confused; Clem. 1.26.2voluptātēs ipsae timentur;pleasures themselves are feared; Clem. 1.26.2nōn convīvia sēcūrī ineunt, in quibus lingua sollicitē etiam ēbriīs custōdienda est, nōn spectācula, ex quibus māteria crīminis ac perīculī quaeritur.men do not go to banquets free of care, where even the drunk must guard their tongues anxiously, nor to shows, from which material for charges and danger is sought. Clem. 1.26.2Apparentur licet magnā impēnsā et rēgiīs opibus et artificum exquīsītīs nōminibus, quem tamen lūdī in carcere iuvent ?Though they be furnished at great expense, with royal wealth and with artists of choice renown, whom yet would games in prison delight? Clem. 1.26.3Quod istud, dī bonī, malum est occīdere, saevīre, dēlectārī sonō catēnārum et cīvium capita dēcidere, quōcumque ventum est, multum sanguinis fundere, aspectū suō terrēre ac fugāre ?What evil is this, good gods, to kill, to rage, to delight in the clank of chains and to cut off the heads of citizens, to shed much blood wherever one goes, to terrify and put to flight by one's very appearance?

Clem. 1.26.3Quae alia vīta esset, sī leōnēs ursīque regnārent, sī serpentibus in nōs ac noxiōsissimō cuique animālī darētur potestās- testas ?What other life would there be if lions and bears reigned, if power over us were given to serpents and to every most harmful animal? Clem. 1.26.4Illa ratiōnis expertia et ā nōbīs immānitātis crīmine damnāta abstinent suīs, et tūta est etiam inter ferās similitūdō ;Those creatures, devoid of reason and condemned by us on the charge of savagery, spare their own kind, and likeness is a safeguard even among wild beasts; Clem. 1.26.4hōrum nē ā necessāriīs quidem sibi rabiēs temperat, sed externa suaque in aequō habet, quō plūs sē exercitat, eō incitātior.but the madness of these men does not hold back even from their nearest, but holds strangers and their own as equal, more inflamed the more it exercises itself. Clem. 1.26.4Ā singulōrum deinde caedibus in exitia gentium serpit, et inicere tēctīs ignem, arātrum vetustīs urbibus indūcere potentiam putat ;From the slaughter of individuals it then creeps on to the destruction of nations, and thinks it power to set roofs on fire and drive the plough over ancient cities; Clem. 1.26.4et ūnum occīdī iubēre aut alterum parum imperātōrium crēdit;and it thinks it too little like a ruler to order one or two to be killed; Clem. 1.26.4nisi eōdem tempore grex miserōrum sub ictū stetit, crūdēlitātem suam in ōrdinem coāctam putat.unless at the same moment a herd of wretches has stood beneath the blow, it thinks its cruelty has been reduced to the ranks.

Clem. 1.26.5Fēlīcitās illa multīs salūtem dare et ad vītam ab ipsā morte revocāre et merērī clēmentiā cīvicam.True happiness is to give safety to many, to call them back to life from death itself, and to earn the civic crown by clemency. Clem. 1.26.5Nūllum ōrnāmentum prīncipis fastīgiō dignius pulchriusque est quam illa corōna ob cīvēs servātōs, nōn hostīlia arma dētrācta victīs, nōn currūs barbarōrum sanguine cruentī, nōn parta bellō spolia.No ornament is more worthy of a prince's eminence or more beautiful than that crown for saving citizens; not enemy arms stripped from the vanquished, not chariots stained with barbarian blood, not spoils won in war. Clem. 1.26.5Haec dīvīna potentia est gregātim ac pūblicē servāre;This is godlike power, to save men in throngs and on a public scale; Clem. 1.26.5multōs quidem occīdere et indiscrētōs incendiī ac ruīnae potentia est.but to kill many indiscriminately is the power of fire and collapse.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (214 words)
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
quoque, adv.also
servīlis, -eof slaves (servīlis tumultus: slave revolt)
manus, -ūs, f.hand
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
crux, crucis f.cross (a wooden frame for execution)
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultusavenge
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
tyrannus, -ī m.tyrant, despot
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
populus, -ī m.people, nation
que, enclitic conj.and
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
exscindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissusdestroy utterly, raze
aggredior, -ī, aggressus sumattack
aliquandō, adv.at some time or other; finally, at length
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
cōnsurgō, -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctusrise together, stand up
perfidia, -ae f.treachery, bad faith
impietās, -ātis f.lack of duty (to gods, country or family), impiety; disloyalty
feritās, -ātis f.wildness, savagery
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
discō, discere, didicīlearn
exerceō, -ercēre, -ercuī, -ercitusexercise
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
enim, conj.for
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushope
malus, -a, -umbad
doceo, -ēre, -uī, -tusteach, explain
nōn, adv.not
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
nēquitia, -ae f.worthlessness, slackness
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
quantum, adv.how much? how?
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdo wrong
sed, conj.but
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
quālis, -eof what sort? what kind of?
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
urbs, urbis, f.city
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
terribilis, -edreadful, terrible
faciēs, -ēī f.face; appearance
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
omnis, -eall, every
maestus, -a, -umsad, dejected, gloomy
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
cōnfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour together, mingle; throw into disorder, confuse
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
convīvium, -ī n.banquet, dinner party
sēcūrus, -a, -umfree from care, untroubled; careless (of: gen.)
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
lingua, -ae f.tongue; language
sollicitē (adv.)anxiously, carefully, with great care
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
ēbrius, -a, -umdrunk
custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusguard
spectāculum, -ī n.sight, spectacle, show
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
māteria, -ae f.timber, material
crīmen, -inis n.charge, accusation; crime
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
apparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusprepare, get ready
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
impēnsa, -ae f.expense, outlay
rēgius, -a, -umroyal, kingly
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
artifex, -icis m.artist, craftsman; scaenicus artifex: actor
exquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch out, find out
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
lūdus, -ī, m.game, sport
carcer, -eris, m.prison
iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtumhelp
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
deus, -ī, m.god
bonus, -a, -umgood
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
saeviō, -īre, -iī, -ītumrage
dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplease, delight; passive: enjoy, take pleasure in
sonus, -ī m.sound
catēna, -ae, f.chain
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
caput, capitis, n.head
dēcidō, -cidere, -cidīfall down
quōcumque (adv.)to whatever place; in whatever direction
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
multum, -ī, n.much
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
aspectus, -ūs m.look, appearance; sight
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to flight, rout
vīta, -ae, f.life
sī, conj.if
leō, -ōnis, m.lion
ursus, -ī m.bear
regnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreign, rule
serpēns, -entis, f.serpent
nōsplur. of ego
noxiōsus, -a, -umharmful, noxious
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
animal, -ālis n.living creature, animal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
expers, -pertishaving no share in, without (+ gen. or abl.)
immānitās, -tātis, f.cruelty, barbarity
damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcondemn
abstineō, -ēre, abstinuī, abstentumkeep away, hold back (from)
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
fera, -ae, f.wild animal, beast
similitūdō, -inis f.likeness, resemblance
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
necessārius, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m.necessary, critical; (noun) close friend, relative
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
rabiēs, -ēī f.madness, fury
temperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum (ab + abl.)refrain (from)
externus, -a, -umoutside, foreign
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
plūs (adv.)more
exercitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtrain, exercise
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
incitātus, -a, -umrapid, swift, at full speed
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
deinde, adv.then, next
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
exitium, -ī n.destruction, ruin
serpō, serpere, serpsīcreep, crawl; spread gradually
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
tēctum, -ī n.roof; house
ignis, -is, m.fire
arātrum, -ī n.plough
vetustus, -a, -umold, ancient, long-established
indūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductuslead in or on, move, excite
potentia, -ae f.power, influence
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
imperātōrius, -a, -umof a commander, of the general
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
nisi, conj.if not, unless
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
grex, gregis m.flock, herd; band, gang
miser, misera, miserumwretched, unhappy
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
fēlīcitās, -ātis f.good fortune, luck
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
mors, mortīs, f.death
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
mereor, -ērī, meritus sumdeserve; (dē) do service to
clēmentia, -ae, f.mercy, kindness
cīvicus, -a, -umof citizens, civic; corōna cīvica: the oak-leaf crown for saving a citizen's life
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
ōrnāmentum, -ī n.honour, distinction; ornament
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
fastīgium, -ī n.top, summit; slope; height
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumbeautiful
corōna, -ae f.crown, wreath (sub corōnā vēndere: sell as slaves)
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
hostīlis, -eof the enemy, hostile
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
dētrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctusdraw or pull off
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
currus, -ūs, m.chariot, car
barbarus, -a, -umbarbarian
cruentus, -a, -umbloody, blood-stained
pariō, -ere, peperī, partusbring forth; win, gain
bellum, -ī, n.war
spolium, -ī n.spoils, booty (usu. pl.)
dīvīnus, -a, -umdivine, of the gods
gregātim (adv.)in flocks, in crowds, en masse
pūblicē (adv.)officially, as a state
indiscrētus, -a, -umindistinguishable, alike; making no distinction, indiscriminate
incendium, -ī n.fire, burning
ruīna, -ae f.fall, collapse, ruin
Seneca, De Clementia. Latin text: J. W. Basore, Seneca: Moral Essays I (Loeb, 1928), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.