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Sallust · Bellum Iugurthinum

Bellum Iugurthinum 91

The capture of Capsa

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Iug. 91.1Cēterum in itinere cottīdiē pecus exercituī per centuriās, item turmās aequāliter distribuerat et, ex coriīs utrēs utī fierent, cūrābat;On the march, moreover, he had distributed cattle to the army every day equally by centuries and likewise by squadrons, and saw to it that water-skins were made from the hides; Iug. 91.1simul inopiam frūmentī lēnīre et ignārīs omnibus parāre quae mox ūsuī forent.at once he relieved the shortage of grain and prepared, while no one knew of it, what would soon be needed. Iug. 91.1Dēnique sextō diē, quom ad flūmen ventum est, maxuma vīs utrium effecta.At last on the sixth day, when they came to the river, a very great quantity of water-skins had been made. Iug. 91.2Ibi castrīs levī mūnīmentō positīs mīlitēs cibum capere atque, utī simul cum occāsū sōlis ēgrederentur, parātōs esse iubet, omnibus sarcinīs abiectīs aquā modo sēque et iūmenta onerāre.There, having pitched a camp with light fortifications, he orders the soldiers to take food and to be ready to march out at sunset, and, throwing aside all their baggage, to load themselves and the pack animals with water alone.

Iug. 91.3Dein postquam tempus vīsum, castrīs ēgreditur, noctemque tōtam itinere factō cōnsēdit;Then, when the time seemed right, he leaves the camp, and after marching the whole night he halted; Iug. 91.3idem proxumā facit;he does the same the next night; Iug. 91.3dein tertiā multō ante lūcis adventum pervēnit in locum tumulōsum ab Capsā nōn amplius duum mīlium intervallō, ibique quam occultissumē potest cum omnibus cōpiīs opperītur.then on the third, long before dawn, he reaches hilly ground not more than two miles from Capsa, and there waits with all his forces as secretly as he can. Iug. 91.4Sed ubi diēs coepit et Numidae nihil hostīle metuentēs multī oppidō ēgressī, repente omnem equitātum et cum iīs vēlōcissumōs peditēs cursū tendere ad Capsam et portās obsidēre iubet;But when day began and many Numidians, fearing nothing hostile, had gone out of the town, he suddenly orders all the cavalry, and with them the swiftest foot soldiers, to make for Capsa at the run and to seize the gates; Iug. 91.4deinde ipse intentus properē sequī neque mīlitēs praedārī sinere.then he himself followed swiftly and alertly, and did not allow the soldiers to plunder.

Iug. 91.5Quae postquam oppidānī cognōvēre, rēs trepidae, metus ingēns, malum inprōvīsum, ad hoc pars cīvium extrā moenia in hostium potestāte coēgēre, utī dēditiōnem facerent.When the townspeople learned of this, the confusion, their great fear, the unexpected disaster, and moreover the fact that part of the citizens were outside the walls in the enemy's power, forced them to surrender. Iug. 91.6Cēterum oppidum incēnsum, Numidae pūberēs interfectī, aliī omnēs vēnundatī, praeda mīlitibus dīvīsa.Nevertheless the town was burned, the adult Numidians were killed, all the rest sold, and the booty divided among the soldiers. Iug. 91.7Id facinus contrā iūs bellī nōn avāritiā neque scelere cōnsulis admissum, sed quia locus Iugurthae opportūnus, nōbīs aditū difficilis, genus hominum mōbile, īnfīdum, ante neque beneficiō neque metū coercitum.This deed, contrary to the law of war, was committed not through the greed or wickedness of the consul, but because the place was useful to Jugurtha and hard of access for us, and the race of men fickle and faithless, controlled before neither by kindness nor by fear.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×2, ablative absolute ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (160 words)
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
cottīdiē, adv.daily, every day
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
centuria, -ae f.century, a division of a hundred (of men, of cavalry)
itemlikewise, also
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
aequāliter (adv.)evenly
distribuō, -ere, -tribuī, -tribūtumdivide up, distribute
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
corium, -ī, n.hide, leather
uter, utris m.wine-skin
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
inopia, -ae f.lack, want, scarcity
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
lēniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītussoften, soothe, ease
ignārus, -a, -umignorant
omnis, -eall, every
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
mox, adv.soon
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
sextus, -a, -umsixth
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
flūmen, -minis, n.river
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
ibi, adv.in that place, there
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
levis, -elight, slight
mūnīmentum, -ī n.defence, barrier
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
cibus, -ī, m.food
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
cum, prep, with abl.with
occāsus, -ūs, m.setting
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
parātus, -a, -umprepared, equipped, ready
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
aqua, -ae, f.water
modo, adv.only
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
que, enclitic conj.and
iūmentum, -ī n.pack animal, beast of burden
onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusload, burden
deinde, adv.then, next
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
nox, noctis, f.night
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
tertius, -a, -umthird
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
lūx, lūcis, f.light
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
tumulōsus, -a, -umhilly, full of mounds
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
capsa, -ae f.box or case for book-rolls, bookcase
nōn, adv.not
amplius (adv.)more, further
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
intervallum, -ī, n.interval, space, distance
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
occultē (adv.)secretly
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
opperior, -īrī, -pertus sumwait for, await
sed, conj.but
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
hostīlis, -eof the enemy, hostile
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
oppidum, -ī, n.town
repente (adv.)suddenly
equitātus, -ūs m.cavalry
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
vēlōx, vēlōcisswift, fast
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
tendō, -ere, tetendī, tentumstretch out; hold out
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
obsideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessusbeset, besiege
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
intendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out; stretch, draw, aim
properē (adv.)quickly, in haste
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
praedor, -ārī, -ātusplunder
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situsallow, permit, let
oppidānus, -ī m.townsman (pl. the people of the town)
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
imprōvīsus, -a, -umunexpected (dē imprōvīsō: unexpectedly)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
extrā (prep. + acc.)outside, beyond
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
dēditiō, -ōnis f.surrender
incendō, -ere, -cendī, -cēnsumset on fire, burn
pūbēs, -erisadult, grown-up (of men of military age)
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
vēnundō, -dare, -dedī, -datusput up for sale, sell
praeda, -ae, f.booty, spoil, plunder
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsusdivide, separate
facinus, facinoris, n.deed, crime
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
bellum, -ī, n.war
avāritia, -ae f.greed
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend to, admit; allow
quia (conj.)because
opportūnus, -a, -umsuitable, seasonable, convenient, opportune
nōsplur. of ego
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
homō, hominis, m.man
mōbilis, -emovable, quick; fickle, changeable
īnfīdus, -a, -umunfaithful, treacherous
beneficium, -ī, n.well-doing, kindness, service, benefit
coerceō, -ēre, coercuī, coercitumrestrain, keep in check
Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Sallust's Jugurthine War, with chapter 79 onwards in part from A. W. Ahlberg (Teubner, 1919), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.