| ubi, adv. | where; conj., when |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| advertō, -ere, advertī, adversum | turn toward (animum advertere: notice) |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| versus (adv.) | toward, in the direction of (often after ad or in + acc.) |
| exercitus, -ūs, m. | army |
| pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctum | go on, press on |
| prīmō, adv. | at first |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really |
| reor, rērī, ratus sum | think, suppose, reckon |
| porta, -ae, f. | gate; door |
| claudō, -ere, clausī, clausum | close, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear |
| deinde, adv. | then, next |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| ager, agri, m. | field, land |
| vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | lay waste |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| prīmus, -a, -um | first, foremost |
| adsum, adesse, adfuī | be present, be at hand |
| eques, equitis m. | horseman; (pl.) cavalry |
| videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus | see; pass., seem |
| rūrsus, adv. | again |
| arbitror, -ārī, -ātus | consider, think, judge |
| cum, prep, with abl. | with |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| gaudium, -ī, n. | gladness, joy |
| obvius, -a, -um | in the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet |
| prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum | go forward, advance |
| pedes, peditis m. | foot soldier |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| repente (adv.) | suddenly |
| signum, -ī, n. | sign, signal |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | give |
| alius, -a, -ud | another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others |
| vulgus, -ī n. | the common people, the crowd |
| effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsus | pour out |
| oppidum, -ī, n. | town |
| caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum | cut, cut down; kill |
| festīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | hurry, make haste |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| turris, -is f. | tower; siege tower |
| capiō, capere, cēpī, captus | take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt |
| īra, -ae, f. | anger, wrath |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| praeda, -ae, f. | booty, spoil, plunder |
| spēs, speī, f. | hope |
| amplius (adv.) | more, further |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| lassitūdō, -inis, f. | weariness |
| possum, posse, potuī | be able, have power, can |
| ita, adv. | in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as |
| bīduum, -ī n. | two days |
| modo, adv. | only |
| ex, ē (prep. + abl.) | out of, from; of (ē only before consonants) |
| perfidia, -ae f. | treachery, bad faith |
| laetor, -ārī, -ātus sum | rejoice, be glad |
| cīvitās, -tātis, f. | state |
| opulēns, -entis | rich, wealthy, powerful |
| cūnctus, -a, -um | all, the whole |
| poena, -ae, f. | penalty, punishment |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| praefectus, -ī m. | commander, officer |
| ūnus, -a, -um | one; only, alone |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| profugiō, -ere, -fūgī | flee, escape |
| suprā, adv. and prep. with acc. | above, before |
| ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus | stretch out before, show, explain |
| iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus | bid, order, command |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| causa, -ae, f. | cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of |
| dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus | say, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day |
| postquam, conj. | later than, after, when |
| parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē) | too little; minimē: least, not at all |
| expūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | clean out; clear (of a charge), justify |
| condemnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | condemn; (+ gen.) convict of |
| verberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | beat, flog |
| caput, capitis, n. | head |
| solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtus | loosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea |
| nam, conj. | for |
| cīvis, -is, m. and f. | citizen, fellow-citizen, subject |