| dum, conj. | while, as; as long as; until |
| apud, prep, with acc. | among, with |
| sīc, adv. | so, thus |
| certō, adv. | with certainty, for certain, certainly |
| ex, ē (prep. + abl.) | out of, from; of (ē only before consonants) |
| imprōvīsus, -a, -um | unexpected (dē imprōvīsō: unexpectedly) |
| castra, -ōrum, n. plur. | camp |
| hostis, -is, m. and f. | enemy, foe |
| cum, prep, with abl. | with |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| manus, -ūs, f. | hand |
| invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus | go into, attack, seize; come upon |
| remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum | send back; give up, remit |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| praesidium, -ī, n. | protection; guard, escort |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| magis, comp. adv. | more, rather |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| proelium, -ī, n. | battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle |
| exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātus | look out for, wait for, await, expect; wait |
| porta, -ae, f. | gate; door |
| inrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptus | burst into or in |
| at, conj. | but |
| noster, -tra, -trum | our |
| repentīnus, -a, -um | sudden |
| metus, -ūs m. | fear, dread |
| percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsus | strike down; dismay, crush |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| prō, prep. with abl. | before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for |
| mōs, mōris, m. | way, manner, habit, custom |
| cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tus | consult |
| alius, -a, -ud | another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others |
| fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus | flee, run away |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| capiō, capere, cēpī, captus | take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | wound |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsus | cut down, kill |
| cēterum (adv.) | but, however; for the rest |
| multitūdō, -tūdinis, f. | multitude |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| amplius (adv.) | more, further |
| quadrāgintā (indecl.) | forty |
| memor, -oris | mindful, remembering (+ gen.) |
| nōmen, -minis, n. | name (that by which one is known) |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| grex, gregis m. | flock, herd; band, gang |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factus | make, do; iter facere, see iter |
| locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n. | place, situation |
| paulō, adv. | by a little, a little, somewhat |
| ēditus, -a, -um | raised, high |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| inde (adv.) | from there; then |
| vīs, vīs, f. | violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main |
| dēpellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsus | drive off or away, drive |
| queō, -īre, -īvī (-iī) | be able, can |
| sed, conj. | but |
| tēlum, -ī, n. | missile, spear, weapon |
| ēminus (adv.) | at a distance, from afar |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus | send |
| paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj. | few |
| plūrēs, -a, plur. adj. | more, many, several |
| minus, comp. adv. | less |
| frūstror, -ārī, -ātus sum | deceive, disappoint; tē ipsum frūstrāberis: you will cheat yourself |
| sīn (conj.) | but if |
| prope (adv. and prep. + acc.) | near, nearly |
| accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessum | come near, approach; be added |
| ibi, adv. | in that place, there |
| vērō, adv. | in truth, indeed; however |
| virtūs, -tūtis, f. | manliness, courage, bravery |
| ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentus | stretch out before, show, explain |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesum | cut, cut down; kill |
| fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum | pour; rout, scatter (an enemy) |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | put to flight, rout |
| interim (adv.) | meanwhile |
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| ācriter, adv. | sharply, fiercely |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really |
| gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus | carry, wear; carry on, do |
| clāmor, -ōris, m. | shout, cry |
| hostīlis, -e | of the enemy, hostile |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| tergum, -ī, n. | back |
| accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus | take to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer |
| deinde, adv. | then, next |
| convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versus | turn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight |
| equus, -ī, m. | horse |
| animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versus | turn the mind to, observe |
| fuga, -ae, f. | flight |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| versus (adv.) | toward, in the direction of (often after ad or in + acc.) |
| fīō, fierī, factus sum | be done or made, become, happen |
| indicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | point out, reveal, give information; inform against |
| populāris, -e | of the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician) |
| igitur, conj. | therefore |
| equitātus, -ūs m. | cavalry |
| properē (adv.) | quickly, in haste |
| statim, adv. | on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately |
| cohors, cohortis f. | cohort (a tenth of a legion); company |
| socius, -ī, m. | companion, comrade, ally |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| lacrimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | weep, shed tears |
| per, prep, with ace. | through, by means of |
| amīcitia, -ae f. | friendship, alliance |
| pūblicus, -a, -um | public, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state) |
| obsecrō, -secrāre, -secrāvī, -secrātus | beseech, entreat |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. | any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something |
| contumēlia, -ae f. | insult, outrage |
| remaneō, -ēre, -mānsī | stay behind, remain |
| exercitus, -ūs, m. | army |
| victor, -ōris m. | conqueror, victor |
| nēve or neu, conj. | and that not, and not, nor |
| inultus, -a, -um | unavenged; unpunished |
| abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrus | go away, depart |
| sinō, -ere, sīvī, situs | allow, permit, let |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| brevis, -e | short |
| mandātum, -ī n. | order, instruction, message |
| efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus | make or work out, accomplish, effect |
| mūnīmentum, -ī n. | defence, barrier |
| impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītus | hinder, prevent, impede |
| super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.) | over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning |
| vallum, -ī n. | rampart, palisade |
| praecipitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | throw headlong; sē praecipitāre: hurl oneself |
| angustia, -ae f. | narrowness; (pl.) a narrow place, straits |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron. | self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very |
| properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | hasten |
| officiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus | get in the way of, hinder, obstruct (+ dat.) |
| multus, -a, -um | much, great; plur., many |
| āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus | send away, lose |
| mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | fortify |
| recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptus | take or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover |
| īnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus | stain, dye |
| negōtium, -ī, n. | business, matter; task, trouble, difficulty |
| postquam, conj. | later than, after, when |
| nox, noctis, f. | night |
| adsum, adesse, adfuī | be present, be at hand |
| revertor, -vertī, -versus, perf. act. -vertī | turn back, return |