| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventus | come through, come, arrive, reach |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| oppidum, -ī, n. | town |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| campus, -ī, m. | plain, field |
| situs, -a, -um | placed, situated |
| magis, comp. adv. | more, rather |
| opus, operis, n. | work, task |
| quam, adv. | how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible |
| nātūra, -ae, f. | nature, character |
| mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | fortify |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| nūllus, -a, -um | not any, none, no |
| idōneus, -a, -um | suitable, fit; favorable |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really |
| egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.) | need, lack, be in want of |
| arma, -ōrum, n. plur. | arms, weapons |
| vir, virī, m. | man |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| opulentus, -a, -um | rich, wealthy, powerful |
| igitur, conj. | therefore |
| prō, prep. with abl. | before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for |
| tempus, temporis, n. | time, season |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n. | place, situation |
| parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | make ready, prepare |
| cūnctus, -a, -um | all, the whole |
| moenia, -ium, n. plur. | walls |
| exercitus, -ūs, m. | army |
| circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventum | surround |
| lēgātus, -ī, m. | ambassador |
| imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātus | command, order, enjoin |
| ubi, adv. | where; conj., when |
| quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron. | each |
| cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | take care of; (+ gerundive) have something done |
| deinde, adv. | then, next |
| signum, -ī, n. | sign, signal |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | give |
| undique, adv. | from or on all sides |
| simul, adv. | at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as |
| clāmor, -ōris, m. | shout, cry |
| ingēns, -gentis, adj. | huge, vast |
| orior, -īrī, -tus | arise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus | frighten, terrify |
| īnfēnsus, -a, -um | hostile, angry (with: dat.) |
| intentus, -a, -um | attentive, alert, watchful |
| sine, prep. with abl. | without |
| tumultus, -ūs m. | uproar, uprising |
| maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsus | remain |
| proelium, -ī, n. | battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle |
| incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptum | begin |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| ingenium, -ī n. | natural ability, talent, cleverness; character |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| ēminus (adv.) | at a distance, from afar |
| glāns, glandis f. | acorn; sling-bullet (of lead or clay) |
| aut, conj. | or; aut ... aut, either ... or |
| lapis, -idis, m. | stone |
| pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | fight |
| alius, -a, -ud | another, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others |
| succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus | go or come under, follow after, succeed |
| mūrus, -ī, m. | wall |
| modo, adv. | only |
| subfodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossus | stab from beneath, dig under |
| scāla, -ae f. (usually pl. scālae) | ladder, scaling ladder |
| aggredior, -ī, aggressus sum | attack |
| cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītus | desire, long for, wish |
| manus, -ūs, f. | hand |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factus | make, do; iter facere, see iter |
| contrā, prep, with acc. | against, contrary to |
| oppidānus, -ī m. | townsman (pl. the people of the town) |
| proximus, -a, -um | nearest, next |
| saxum, -ī, n. | rock, stone |
| volvō, -ere, volvī, volūtus | roll, turn over; ponder (multa sēcum volvere) |
| sudis, -is f. | stake, pile |
| pīlum, -ī n. | javelin (the Roman heavy spear) |
| praetereā, adv. | besides this, besides, moreover |
| pix, picis f. | pitch |
| sulphur (sulpur), -uris n. | sulphur |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| taeda, -ae f. | pine torch; (often) the wedding torch, marriage |
| misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtus | mix, mingle |
| ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsus | be on fire, burn |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus | send |
| sed, conj. | but |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| ille, illa, illud, dem. pron. | that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc |
| quidem, adv. | in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| procul, adv. | at or from a distance, far |
| timor, -ōris, m. | fear |
| animus, -ī, m. | mind; heart; spirit, courage |
| satis, adv. | enough, sufficiently |
| nam, conj. | for |
| plērīque, plēraeque, plēraque | most, very many |
| iaculum, -ī n. | javelin, dart |
| tormentum, -ī n. | artillery, siege engine |
| ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missus | send out or forth |
| vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | wound |
| pār, paris | equal |
| perīculum, -ī, n. | danger, peril, risk |
| fāma, -ae, f. | report, rumor |
| impār, imparis | unequal, ill-matched |
| bonus, -a, -um | good |
| ignāvus, -a, -um | lazy, cowardly |