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Sallust · Bellum Iugurthinum

Bellum Iugurthinum 38

Aulus defeated and sent under the yoke

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Iug. 38.1At Iugurtha cognitā vānitāte atque inperītiā lēgātī subdolē eius augēre āmentiam, missitāre supplicantīs lēgātōs, ipse quasi vītābundus per saltuōsa loca et trāmitēs exercitum ductāre.But Jugurtha, recognising the folly and inexperience of the legate, craftily increased his madness, kept sending envoys to plead for terms, and himself, as if avoiding him, led his army through wooded country and by-paths. Iug. 38.2Dēnique Aulum spē pactiōnis perpulit, utī relictō Suthule in abditās regiōnēs sēsē velutī cēdentem īnsequerētur: ita dēlicta occultiōra fuēre.At last, by the hope of a settlement, he induced Aulus to leave Suthul and follow him, as if he were retreating, into remote regions: in this way his misdeeds were better hidden. Iug. 38.3Intereā per hominēs callidōs diū noctūque exercitum temptābat, centuriōnēs ducēsque turmārum, partim utī trānsfugerent, corrumpere, aliī signō datō locum utī dēsererent.Meanwhile, day and night, through crafty agents he kept tampering with the army, bribing centurions and commanders of cavalry squadrons, some to desert, others to abandon their posts at a given signal. Iug. 38.4Quae postquam ex sententiā īnstruit, intempestā nocte dē inprōvīsō multitūdine Numidārum Aulī castra circumvenit.When he had arranged these matters to his liking, in the dead of night he suddenly surrounded Aulus' camp with a host of Numidians.

Iug. 38.5Mīlitēs Rōmānī, perculsī tumultū īnsolitō, arma capere aliī, aliī sē abdere, pars territōs cōnfirmāre, trepidāre omnibus locīs.Of the Roman soldiers, struck by the unaccustomed uproar, some seized their arms, others hid themselves, some encouraged the frightened, and there was panic everywhere. Iug. 38.5Vīs magna hostium, caelum nocte atque nūbibus obscūrātum, perīculum anceps;The enemy's force was great, the sky darkened by night and clouds, the danger on both sides; Iug. 38.5postrēmō fugere an manēre tūtius foret, in incertō erat.in short, whether it was safer to flee or to stay was uncertain. Iug. 38.6Sed ex eō numerō, quōs paulō ante corruptōs dīximus, cohors ūna Ligurum cum duābus turmīs Thrācum et paucīs gregāriīs mīlitibus trānsiēre ad rēgem, et centuriō prīmī pīlī tertiae legiōnis per mūnītiōnem, quam utī dēfenderet accēperat, locum hostibus introeundī dedit, eāque Numidae cūnctī inrūpēre.But of the number whom we said had been bribed shortly before, one cohort of Ligurians together with two squadrons of Thracians and a few common soldiers went over to the king, and the chief centurion of the Third Legion gave the enemy a way in through the fortification he had been assigned to defend, and by that way all the Numidians burst in.

Iug. 38.7Nostrī foedā fugā, plērīque abiectīs armīs, proxumum collem occupāvērunt.Our men, in shameful flight, most of them having thrown away their arms, occupied the nearest hill. Iug. 38.8Nox atque praeda castrōrum hostīs, quō minus victōriā ūterentur, remorāta sunt.Night and the plunder of the camp held the enemy back from making use of their victory. Iug. 38.9Deinde Iugurtha posterō diē cum Aulō in conloquiō verba facit: tametsī ipsum cum exercitū fame et ferrō clausum tenēret, tamen sē memorem hūmānārum rērum, sī sēcum foedus faceret, incolumīs omnīs sub iugum missūrum;Then on the following day Jugurtha spoke with Aulus in a parley: although he held him and his army shut in by hunger and the sword, still, being mindful of the fortunes of men, if Aulus made a treaty with him, he would send them all under the yoke unharmed; Iug. 38.9praetereā utī diēbus decem Numidiā dēcēderet.and furthermore Aulus must leave Numidia within ten days. Iug. 38.10Quae quamquam gravia et flāgitī plēna erant, tamen, quia mortis metū mūtābantur, sīcutī rēgī lubuerat, pāx convenit.Although these terms were harsh and full of disgrace, nevertheless, because they were being exchanged for the fear of death, peace was agreed just as the king had wished.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×5, purpose clauses ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (168 words)
at, conj.but
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
vānitās, -ātis f.emptiness; boastfulness, idle talk
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
imperītia, -ae f.inexperience, lack of skill, ignorance
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
subdolē (adv.)craftily, deceitfully
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
augeō, -ēre, auxī, auctumincrease, enlarge
āmentia, -ae, f.madness
missitō, -āresend repeatedly
supplicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspray humbly, make supplication (to: dat.)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quasi, conj.as if
vītābundus, -a, -umtrying to avoid, dodging
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
saltuōsus, -a, -umwooded, full of forest glades
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
trāmes, -itis m.by-path, footpath
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
ductō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumlead (frequently); command
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
spēs, speī, f.hope
pactiō, -ōnis f.agreement, bargain
perpellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive, push; prevail upon, induce
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput away, hide
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
velutī (adv.)just as, as if
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow upon or up, pursue
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
dēlictum, -ī n.offence, crime
occultus, -a, -umhidden, secret
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
intereā, adv.in the meantime, meanwhile
homō, hominis, m.man
callidus, -a, -umclever, crafty
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
noctū, adv.at or by night
que, enclitic conj.and
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
centuriō, -ōnis m.centurion (officer commanding about 80 men)
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
turma, -ae f.troop, squadron of cavalry
partim (adv.)partly (partim … partim: some … others)
trānsfugiō, -ere, -fūgīdesert, go over to the enemy
corrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusspoil, ruin, destroy; bribe
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
sententia, -ae, f.opinion; purpose
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
intempestus, -a, -umunseasonable; nox intempesta: the dead of night
nox, noctis, f.night
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
imprōvīsus, -a, -umunexpected (dē imprōvīsō: unexpectedly)
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsusstrike down; dismay, crush
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
īnsolitus, -a, -umunaccustomed; unusual, strange
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
cōnfirmō, -firmāre, -firmāvī, -firmātusstrengthen, establish; declare, assert
trepidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbe in a panic, hurry about in alarm
omnis, -eall, every
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
nūbēs, -is, f.cloud
obscūrō, -scūrāre, -scūrāvī, -scūrātusdarken, hide, conceal
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
postrēmō (adv.)finally, at last
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
an, conj.or (in questions)
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
sed, conj.but
numerus, -ī, m.number
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
cum, prep, with abl.with
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
gregārius, -a, -umof the herd, common; mīles gregārius: a common soldier
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
rēx, rēgis, m.king
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
pīlus, -ī m.maniple of veterans (prīmus pīlus: the chief centurion)
tertius, -a, -umthird
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
mūnītiō, -ōnis f.fortification, defence works
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
introeō, -īre, -iī, -itumgo in, enter
cūnctus, -a, -umall, the whole
inrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusburst into or in
noster, -tra, -trumour
foedus, -a, -umfoul, loathsome, hideous
fuga, -ae, f.flight
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
abiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow away
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
collis, -is m.hill
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
praeda, -ae, f.booty, spoil, plunder
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
minus, comp. adv.less
victōria, -ae, f.victory
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
remoror, -ārī, -ātus sumdelay, hold back
deinde, adv.then, next
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
colloquium (conloquium), -ī n.conference, talk
verbum, -ī, n.word
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
tametsī (conj.)although
famēs, -is, abl. famē, f.hunger
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
claudō, -ere, clausī, clausumclose, shut; (agmen) bring up the rear
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
memor, -orismindful, remembering (+ gen.)
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
sī, conj.if
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
incolumis, -eunhurt, safe
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
decem, indecl. adj.ten
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
quamquam, conj.however much, although
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
flāgitium, -ī n.shameful act, disgrace, outrage
plēnus, -a, -umfull
quia (conj.)because
mors, mortīs, f.death
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
sīcutī (adv.)just as, as
libet, -ēre, libuit (impers.)it pleases; mihi libet: I like, I want
pāx, pācis f.peace
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Sallust's Jugurthine War, with chapter 79 onwards in part from A. W. Ahlberg (Teubner, 1919), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.