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Sallust · Bellum Iugurthinum

Bellum Iugurthinum 101

Battle near Cirta

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Iug. 101.1Igitur quartō dēnique diē haud longē ab oppidō Cirtā undique simul speculātōrēs citī sēsē ostendunt, quā rē hostis adesse intellegitur.Then at last on the fourth day, not far from the town of Cirta, scouts show themselves hurrying in from all sides at once, from which it is understood that the enemy is near. Iug. 101.2Sed quia dīvorsī redeuntēs alius ab aliā parte atque omnēs idem significābant, cōnsul incertus, quōnam modō aciem īnstrueret, nūllō ōrdine conmūtātō advorsum omnia parātus ibīdem opperītur.But because they were returning from different directions, one from one quarter and another from another, and all reported the same thing, the consul, uncertain how he should draw up his line, changed nothing in his formation and waits where he was, prepared against every contingency. Iug. 101.3Ita Iugurtham spēs frūstrāta, quī cōpiās in quattuor partīs distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus aequē aliquōs ab tergō hostibus ventūrōs.So Jugurtha's hope was disappointed, for he had divided his forces into four parts, thinking that from all of them equally some would come upon the enemy from behind. Iug. 101.4Interim Sulla, quem prīmum hostēs attigerant, cohortātus suōs turmātim et quam māxumē cōnfertīs equīs ipse aliīque Maurōs invādunt, cēterī in locō manentēs ab iaculīs ēminus ēmissīs corpora tegere et, sī quī in manūs vēnerant, obtruncāre.Meanwhile Sulla, whom the enemy had reached first, encouraged his men, and he himself and some others charge the Moors by squadrons and with their horses packed as closely as possible, while the rest, staying in position, protected their bodies from the javelins hurled from a distance and cut down any who came to close quarters.

Iug. 101.5Dum eō modō equitēs proeliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus, quōs Volux, fīlius eius, addūxerat neque in priōre pugnā, in itinere morātī, adfuerant, postrēmam Rōmānōrum aciem invādunt.While the cavalry are fighting in this way, Bocchus, with the infantry which his son Volux had brought and which, delayed on the march, had not been present in the earlier battle, attacks the Roman rear. Iug. 101.6Tum Marius apud prīmōs agēbat, quod ibi Iugurtha cum plūrumīs erat.Marius at that moment was busy in the front line, because Jugurtha was there with most of his men. Iug. 101.6Dein Numida cognitō Bocchī adventū clam cum paucīs ad peditēs convortit.Then the Numidian, learning of Bocchus' arrival, secretly turns with a few men to the infantry. Iug. 101.6Ibi latīnē — nam apud Numantiam loquī didicerat — exclāmat nostrōs frūstrā pugnāre, paulō ante Marium suā manū interfectum.There in Latin — for he had learned to speak it at Numantia — he shouts that our men are fighting in vain, that a little while ago he had killed Marius with his own hand. Iug. 101.6Simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugnā satis inpigrē occīsō pedite nostrō cruentāverat.At the same time he displayed a sword smeared with blood, which he had stained in the battle by killing, energetically enough, one of our foot soldiers.

Iug. 101.7Quod ubi mīlitēs accēpēre, magis atrōcitāte reī quam fidē nūntiī terrentur, simulque barbarī animōs tollere et in perculsōs Rōmānōs ācrius incēdere.When the soldiers heard this, they are alarmed more by the horror of the thing than by belief in the report, and at the same time the barbarians took heart and advanced more fiercely on the stricken Romans. Iug. 101.8Iamque paulum ā fugā aberant, quom Sulla prōflīgātīs iīs, quōs advorsum ierat, rediēns ab latere Maurīs incurrit.And now they were not far from flight, when Sulla, having routed those against whom he had gone, returned and fell upon the Moors from the flank. Iug. 101.8Bocchus statim āvortitur.Bocchus at once turns away. Iug. 101.9At Iugurtha, dum sustentāre suōs et prope iam adeptam victōriam retinēre cupit, circumventus ab equitibus, dextrā sinistrāque omnibus occīsīs sōlus inter tēla hostium vītābundus ērumpit.But Jugurtha, while he is eager to support his men and to hold on to a victory almost won, is surrounded by the cavalry, and with all killed on his right and left, he breaks out alone, dodging among the enemy's weapons.

Iug. 101.10Atque interim Marius fugātīs equitibus adcurrit auxiliō suīs, quōs pellī iam accēperat.And meanwhile Marius, having routed the cavalry, runs to the help of his men, who he had heard were already being driven back. Iug. 101.11Dēnique hostēs iam undique fūsī.At last the enemy were routed on every side. Iug. 101.11Tum spectāculum horribile in campīs patentibus: sequī fugere, occīdī capī;Then there was a dreadful spectacle on the open plains: pursuing and fleeing, killing and capture; Iug. 101.11equī atque virī adflīctī, ac multī volneribus acceptīs neque fugere posse neque quiētem patī, nītī modo ac statim concīdere;horses and men struck down, and many, having received wounds, unable either to flee or to lie still, struggling up only to collapse at once; Iug. 101.11postrēmō omnia, quā vīsus erat, cōnstrāta tēlīs armīs cadāveribus, et inter ea humus īnfecta sanguine.finally everything, as far as the eye could see, strewn with missiles, arms and corpses, and between them the ground soaked with blood.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×7, indirect statement ×6

Latin vocabulary for this passage (199 words)
igitur, conj.therefore
quartus, -a, -umfourth
dēnique, adv.lastly, finally
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
longē, adv.far
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
oppidum, -ī, n.town
undique, adv.from or on all sides
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
speculātor, -ōris m.spy, scout
citus, -a, -umquick, swift
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
sed, conj.but
quia (conj.)because
dīversus, -a, -umturned different ways, opposite, contrary, different
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
omnis, -eall, every
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
significō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshow, indicate, signal
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
quōnam (adv.)by what way, how ever; quōnam modō: how ever, in what way
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
commūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumchange
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
parātus, -a, -umprepared, equipped, ready
ibīdem (adv.)in the same place, just there
opperior, -īrī, -pertus sumwait for, await
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
spēs, speī, f.hope
frūstror, -ārī, -ātus sumdeceive, disappoint; tē ipsum frūstrāberis: you will cheat yourself
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
distribuō, -ere, -tribuī, -tribūtumdivide up, distribute
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
tergum, -ī, n.back
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
interim (adv.)meanwhile
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctustouch at
cohortor, -hortārī, -hortātusencourage, exhort
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
turmātim, adv.squadron by squadron, in troops
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
equus, -ī, m.horse
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
que, enclitic conj.and
Maurus, -a, -umMoorish, North African
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
iaculum, -ī n.javelin, dart
ēminus (adv.)at a distance, from afar
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend out or forth
corpus, corporis, n.body
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctuscover
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
manus, -ūs, f.hand
obtruncō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscut down, kill
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
proelior, -ārī, -ātus sumfight a battle
cum, prep, with abl.with
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
fīlius, -ī, m.son
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
moror, -ārī, -ātusdelay, linger, stay
postrēmus, -a, -umlast
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
tum, adv.then, at that time
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
quod, conj.that, in that, because
ibi, adv.in that place, there
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
deinde, adv.then, next
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
clam (adv.)secretly
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
Latīnē (adv.)in Latin
nam, conj.for
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
discō, discere, didicīlearn
exclāmō, -clāmāre, -clāmāvī, -clāmātuscry out, exclaim
noster, -tra, -trumour
frūstrā, adv.in vain
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
gladius, -ī, m.sword
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
oblinō, -linere, -lēvī, -litusdaub over, smear
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
impigrē (adv.)energetically, briskly
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
cruentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstain with blood
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
atrōcitās, -ātis f.fierceness, harshness, cruelty
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
nūntius, -ī, m.messenger; message
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
barbarus, -a, -umbarbarian
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsusstrike down; dismay, crush
ācriter, adv.sharply, fiercely
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
iam, adv.now, already
paulum, adv.a little, somewhat
fuga, -ae, f.flight
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
prōflīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumrout, defeat utterly
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
incurrō, -ere, -currī, -cursumrun (into), charge, rush at
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
at, conj.but
sustentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumhold out, endure
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
adipīscor, -ī, adeptus sumobtain, win, gain
victōria, -ae, f.victory
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
sinistra, -ae, f.left hand (manus understood)
sōlus, -a, -umalone
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
vītābundus, -a, -umtrying to avoid, dodging
ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst out, sally
fugō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to flight, rout
accurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun to, come up
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
spectāculum, -ī n.sight, spectacle, show
horribilis, -edreadful, terrible, horrible
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
vir, virī, m.man
adflīgō, -flīgere, -flīxi, -flīctusdash to, shatter
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
nītor, -ī, nīxus sum (+ abl.)rely on
modo, adv.only
concīdō, -ere, concīdī, concīsumcut down, kill
postrēmō (adv.)finally, at last
quā, adv.in which place, where
vīsus, -ūs, m.sight
cōnsternō, -ere, -strāvī, -strātuscover, strew, lay over
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
cadāver, -eris, n.dead body, corpse, carcass
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
īnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusstain, dye
Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Sallust's Jugurthine War, with chapter 79 onwards in part from A. W. Ahlberg (Teubner, 1919), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.