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Pliny · Epistulae III

Pliny, Letter 3.5

The Elder Pliny's books and habits

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Ep. 3.5.1Pergrātum est mihi quod tam dīligenter librōs avunculī meī lēctitās, ut habēre omnēs velīs quaerāsque quī sint omnēs.It is most gratifying to me that you read my uncle's books so diligently that you wish to have them all and ask what they all are. Ep. 3.5.2Fungar indicis partibus, atque etiam quō sint ōrdine scrīptī notum tibi faciam;I shall play the part of a catalogue, and shall also let you know in what order they were written; Ep. 3.5.2est enim haec quoque studiōsīs nōn iniūcunda cognitiō.for this too is knowledge not unwelcome to the studious. Ep. 3.5.3"Dē iaculātiōne equestrī ūnus";'On Throwing the Javelin from Horseback', one book; Ep. 3.5.3hunc cum praefectus alae mīlitāret, parī ingeniō cūrāque composuit.this he composed, with equal talent and care, when he was serving as prefect of a cavalry squadron. Ep. 3.5.3"Dē vītā Pompōnī Secundī duo";'The Life of Pomponius Secundus', two books; Ep. 3.5.3ā quō singulāriter amātus hoc memoriae amīcī quasi dēbitum mūnus exsolvit.having been singularly loved by him, he paid this tribute to his friend's memory as if discharging a debt. Ep. 3.5.4"Bellōrum Germāniae vīgintī";'The German Wars', twenty books; Ep. 3.5.4quibus omnia quae cum Germānīs gessimus bella collēgit.in which he gathered together all the wars we have waged with the Germans.

Ep. 3.5.4Incohāvit cum in Germāniā mīlitāret, somniō monitus: astitit eī quiēscentī Drūsī Nerōnis effigiēs, quī Germāniae lātissimē victor ibi periit, commendābat memoriam suam ōrābatque ut sē ab iniūriā oblīviōnis assereret.He began them while serving in Germany, prompted by a dream: as he slept, there stood beside him the likeness of Drusus Nero, who after conquering far and wide in Germany died there; he commended his memory to him and begged him to rescue him from the injustice of oblivion. Ep. 3.5.5"Studiōsī trēs", in sex volūmina propter amplitūdinem dīvīsī, quibus ōrātōrem ab incūnābulīs īnstituit et perficit.'The Student', three books, divided into six volumes because of their length, in which he trains the orator from the cradle and brings him to perfection. Ep. 3.5.5"Dubiī sermōnis octō": scrīpsit sub Nerōne novissimīs annīs, cum omne studiōrum genus paulō līberius et ērēctius perīculōsum servitūs fēcisset.'Doubtful Language', eight books: he wrote this under Nero in his last years, when slavery had made every kind of study that was at all free or elevated dangerous. Ep. 3.5.6"Ā fīne Aufidī Bassī trīgintā ūnus."'A Continuation of Aufidius Bassus', thirty-one books.

Ep. 3.5.6"Nātūrae historiārum trīgintā septem", opus diffūsum ērudītum, nec minus varium quam ipsa nātūra.'Natural History', thirty-seven books, a wide-ranging and learned work, and no less varied than nature herself. Ep. 3.5.7Mīrāris quod tot volūmina multaque in hīs tam scrūpulōsa homō occupātus absolverit?Do you wonder that a busy man completed so many volumes, and so much in them that is so painstaking? Ep. 3.5.7Magis mīrāberis sī scieris illum aliquamdiū causās āctitāsse, dēcessisse annō sextō et quīnquāgēnsimō, medium tempus distentum impedītumque quā officiīs maximīs quā amīcitiā prīncipum ēgisse.You will wonder more if you learn that for some time he pleaded cases, that he died in his fifty-sixth year, and that he spent the time between distracted and hampered partly by the highest offices, partly by the friendship of emperors. Ep. 3.5.8Sed erat ācre ingenium, incrēdibile studium, summa vigilantia.But he had a keen intellect, incredible application, and the utmost wakefulness. Ep. 3.5.8Lūcubrāre Vulcānālibus incipiēbat nōn auspicandī causā sed studendī statim ā nocte multā, hieme vērō ab hōrā septimā vel cum tardissimē octāvā, saepe sextā.He began working by lamplight from the Vulcanalia, not for the sake of the omen but for study, straight away in the depth of the night, and in winter from the seventh hour, or at the latest the eighth, often the sixth.

Ep. 3.5.8Erat sānē somnī parātissimī, nōn numquam etiam inter ipsa studia īnstantis et dēserentis.He was certainly very quick to sleep, which sometimes even came upon him and left him again in the midst of his studies. Ep. 3.5.9Ante lūcem ībat ad Vespasiānum imperātōrem - nam ille quoque noctibus ūtēbātur -, inde ad dēlēgātum sibi officium.Before daybreak he would go to the emperor Vespasian — for he too made use of the nights — and from there to the duty assigned to him. Ep. 3.5.9Reversus domum quod reliquum temporis studiīs reddēbat.On returning home he gave what remained of his time to study. Ep. 3.5.10Post cibum saepe - quem interdiū levem et facilem veterum mōre sūmēbat - aestāte sī quid ōtiī iacēbat in sōle, liber legēbātur, adnotābat excerpēbatque.After eating — which in the daytime he took light and simple, in the manner of the ancients — often in summer, if he had any leisure, he would lie in the sun; a book was read, and he made notes and extracts. Ep. 3.5.10Nihil enim lēgit quod nōn excerperet;For he read nothing without making extracts; Ep. 3.5.10dīcere etiam solēbat nūllum esse librum tam malum ut nōn aliquā parte prōdesset.he used to say, too, that no book was so bad that it was not useful in some part.

Ep. 3.5.11Post sōlem plērumque frīgidā lavābātur, deinde gustābat dormiēbatque minimum;After his time in the sun he usually bathed in cold water, then took a snack and slept very briefly; Ep. 3.5.11mox quasi aliō diē studēbat in cēnae tempus.then, as if it were another day, he studied until dinner-time. Ep. 3.5.11Super hanc liber legēbātur adnotābātur, et quidem cursim.During dinner a book was read and notes were made, and that rapidly. Ep. 3.5.12Meminī quendam ex amīcīs, cum lēctor quaedam perperam prōnūntiāsset, revocāsse et repetī coēgisse;I remember that one of his friends, when the reader had pronounced some words wrongly, called him back and made him repeat them; Ep. 3.5.12huic avunculum meum dīxisse: "Intellēxerās nempe?"and that my uncle said to him: 'You had understood, surely?' Ep. 3.5.12Cum ille adnuisset, "Cūr ergō revocābās?When he had nodded: 'Why then did you call him back? Ep. 3.5.12decem amplius versūs hāc tuā interpellātiōne perdidimus."We have lost more than ten lines through this interruption of yours.' Ep. 3.5.13Tanta erat parsimōnia temporis.So sparing was he of time. Ep. 3.5.13Surgēbat aestāte ā cēnā lūce, hieme intrā prīmam noctis et tamquam aliquā lēge cōgente.In summer he rose from dinner while it was still light, in winter within the first hour of the night, as if some law compelled him.

Ep. 3.5.14Haec inter mediōs labōrēs urbisque fremitum.This was in the midst of his labours and the din of the city. Ep. 3.5.14In sēcessū sōlum balineī tempus studiīs eximēbātur - cum dīcō balineī, dē interiōribus loquor;In the country only the time of his bath was taken from study — when I say bath, I mean the inner part of it; Ep. 3.5.14nam dum dēstringitur tergiturque, audiēbat aliquid aut dictābat -.for while he was being scraped and towelled he would listen to something or dictate —. Ep. 3.5.15In itinere quasi solūtus cēterīs cūrīs, huic ūnī vacābat: ad latus notārius cum librō et pugillāribus, cuius manūs hieme manicīs mūniēbantur, ut nē caelī quidem asperitās ūllum studiī tempus ēriperet;On a journey, as if freed from all other cares, he gave himself to this one alone: at his side was a secretary with a book and writing tablets, whose hands in winter were protected by long sleeves, so that not even the harshness of the weather should snatch any time from study; Ep. 3.5.15quā ex causā Rōmae quoque sellā vehēbātur.and for this reason he was carried in a chair at Rome too.

Ep. 3.5.16Repetō mē correptum ab eō, cūr ambulārem: "poterās" inquit "hās hōrās nōn perdere";I recall being rebuked by him for walking: 'You could have avoided wasting these hours,' he said; Ep. 3.5.16nam perīre omne tempus arbitrābātur, quod studiīs nōn impenderētur.for he thought that all time was lost that was not spent on study. Ep. 3.5.17Hāc intentiōne tot ista volūmina perēgit ēlēctōrumque commentāriōs centum sexāgintā mihi relīquit, opisthographōs quidem et minūtissimīs scrīptōs;With this application he completed all those volumes and left me a hundred and sixty notebooks of extracts, written moreover on both sides and in the tiniest hand; Ep. 3.5.17quā ratiōne multiplicātur hic numerus.by which reckoning this number is multiplied. Ep. 3.5.17Referēbat ipse potuisse sē, cum prōcūrāret in Hispāniā, vēndere hōs commentāriōs Larciō Licinō quadringentīs mīlibus nummum;He used to relate that, when he was procurator in Spain, he could have sold these notebooks to Larcius Licinus for four hundred thousand sesterces; Ep. 3.5.17et tunc aliquantō pauciōrēs erant.and at that time they were somewhat fewer. Ep. 3.5.18Nōnne vidētur tibi recordantī, quantum lēgerit quantum scrīpserit, nec in officiīs ūllīs nec in amīcitiā prīncipis fuisse;When you recall how much he read and how much he wrote, does it not seem to you that he was never engaged in any offices or in the emperor's friendship; Ep. 3.5.18rūrsus cum audīs quid studiīs labōris impenderit, nec scrīpsisse satis nec lēgisse?and again, when you hear how much labour he spent on study, that he neither wrote nor read enough?

Ep. 3.5.18Quid est enim quod nōn aut illae occupātiōnēs impedīre aut haec īnstantia nōn possit efficere?For what is there that those occupations could not hinder, or that this persistence could not accomplish? Ep. 3.5.19Itaque soleō rīdēre cum mē quīdam studiōsum vocant, quī sī comparer illī sum dēsidiōsissimus.So I usually laugh when people call me studious, I who, if compared with him, am the idlest of men. Ep. 3.5.19Ego autem tantum, quem partim pūblica partim amīcōrum officia distringunt?But am I the only one, distracted as I am partly by public duties, partly by those of friendship? Ep. 3.5.19quis ex istīs, quī tōtā vītā litterīs assident, collātus illī nōn quasi somnō et inertiae dēditus ērubēscat?Which of those who sit over their books their whole life long would not, compared with him, blush as one given over to sleep and idleness? Ep. 3.5.20Extendī epistulam cum hoc sōlum quod requīrēbās scrībere dēstināssem, quōs librōs relīquisset;I have stretched out my letter, though I had intended to write only what you asked, namely which books he had left; Ep. 3.5.20cōnfīdō tamen haec quoque tibi nōn minus grāta quam ipsōs librōs futūra, quae tē nōn tantum ad legendōs eōs vērum etiam ad simile aliquid ēlabōrandum possunt aemulātiōnis stimulīs excitāre.yet I trust that these things too will be no less welcome to you than the books themselves, since they can rouse you with the spur of emulation not only to read them but also to work at something similar.

Ep. 3.5.20Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×10, gerunds and gerundives ×4, ablative absolute ×1, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (351 words)
pergrātus, -a, -umvery welcome, very pleasing
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
quod, conj.that, in that, because
tam, adv.so
dīligenter, adv.carefully, diligently
liber, librī m.book; record
avunculus, -ī m.uncle (mother's brother)
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
lēctitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusread often, read eagerly; read again and again
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
omnis, -eall, every
volō, velle, voluīwish
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
que, enclitic conj.and
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum (+ abl.)perform, carry out, discharge
index, -icis m. and f.informer; sign, indication
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
enim, conj.for
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
quoque, adv.also
studiōsus, -a, -umeager, diligent, studious
nōn, adv.not
iniūcundus, -a, -umunpleasant, disagreeable; harsh
cognitiō, -ōnis f.learning, knowledge, study
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
iaculātiō, -ōnis f.throwing (of javelins)
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
praefectus, -ī m.commander, officer
ala, -ae, f.wing
mīlitō, -āre, -āvīserve as a soldier
pār, parisequal
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
vīta, -ae, f.life
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
singulāriter (adv.)especially, exceptionally; singly
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
memoria, -ae, f.memory
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
quasi, conj.as if
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
exsolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusset free, release
bellum, -ī, n.war
vīgintī, indecl. adj.twenty
cum, prep, with abl.with
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
incohō (inchoō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusbegin, start
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
somnium, -ī n.dream
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
astō, -āre, -stitīstand by, stand near
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētusrest, keep quiet
effigiēs, -ēī f.likeness, form, appearance
lātēwidely
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
ibi, adv.in that place, there
pereō, -īre, -ii, -itūruspass away, perish
commendō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusentrust, commit; recommend
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusspeak; beg, pray
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
oblīviō, -ōnis f.forgetfulness, oblivion
assero (adserō), -ere, -seruī, -sertumlay claim to, claim
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
sex (indecl.)six
volūmen, -inis n.roll (of writing), book
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
amplitūdō, -inis f.size, greatness
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsusdivide, separate
ōrātor, -ōris m.speaker; envoy
incūnābula, -ōrum n. pl.cradle; birthplace; infancy
īnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusdecide upon, determine
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo or make through, accomplish
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
octō (indecl.)eight
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
novissimus, -a, -umlast (novissimum agmen: the rear)
annus, -ī, m.year
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
līber, lībera, līberumfree
ērēctus, -a, -umupright, erect
perīculōsus, -a, -umdangerous
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
historia, -ae f.history, an account of past events
septemseven
opus, operis, n.work, task
diffundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour forth, spread or shed abroad, diffuse
ērudiō, -rudīre, -rudīvī, -rudītusinstruct
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
minus, comp. adv.less
varius, -a, -umvarious
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
mīror, -ārī, -ātuswonder, wonder at
tot (indecl.)so many
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
scrūpulōsus, -a, -ummeticulous, painstaking, precise
homō, hominis, m.man
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
absolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusrelease, set free; acquit (of: gen.)
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
sī, conj.if
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
aliquam diū (adv.)for some time
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
āctitō, -āre, -āvīplead often; causās āctitāre: practise as an advocate
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
sextus, -a, -umsixth
quīnquāgēsimus, -a, -umfiftieth
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
distineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentumkeep apart, keep divided
impedītus, -a, -umhindered; hard to cross, impassable
quā, adv.in which place, where
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
amīcitia, -ae f.friendship, alliance
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
sed, conj.but
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
incrēdibilis, eincredible
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vigilantia, -ae f.wakefulness; watchfulness, vigilance
lūcubrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswork by lamplight, work at night
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
auspicor, -ārī, -ātus sumtake the auspices; make a start on, begin
studeō, -ēre, -uībe eager, give attention, apply oneself
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
nox, noctis, f.night
hiems, hiemis f.winter
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
hōra, -ae, f.hour
septimus, -a, -umseventh
velor; vel … vel: either … or
tardē (adv.)slowly; comp. tardius
octāvus, -a, -umeighth
saepe, adv.often, frequently
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
somnus, -ī, m.sleep, drowsiness
parātus, -a, -umprepared, equipped, ready
numquam, adv.never
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
lūx, lūcis, f.light
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
nam, conj.for
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
inde (adv.)from there; then
dēlēgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassign, entrust; lay (blame) on, attribute to
revertor, -vertī, -versus, perf. act. -vertīturn back, return
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
reliquus, -a, -umleft, the remaining, the other, the rest of
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
cibus, -ī, m.food
interdiū (adv.)by day
levis, -elight, slight
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
vetus, veterisold, former
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
legō, legere, lēgī, lēctuschoose, pick out; read
adnotō (annotō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusnote down, take note of, observe
excerpō, -ere, -cerpsī, -cerptuspick out, select
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
malus, -a, -umbad
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
plērumque (adv.)generally, mostly
frīgidus, -a, -umcold
lavō, -āre, lāvī, lautuswash; passive: bathe
deinde, adv.then, next
gustō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustaste
dormiō, -īre, -īvīsleep
minimum, adv.very little, slightly
mox, adv.soon
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
cēna, -ae, f.dinner
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
cursim (adv.)quickly, hastily, cursorily
meminī, meminisseremember
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
lēctor, -ōris m.reader
perperam (adv.)wrongly
prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusproclaim, announce
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
repetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītumdemand back; seek again
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
nempe (adv.)of course, surely, to be sure
adnuō, -ere, -nuī, -nūtumnod, nod assent
cūr, adv.why
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
decem, indecl. adj.ten
amplius (adv.)more, further
versus, -ūs m.line (of writing), verse
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
interpellātiō, -ōnis f.interruption
perdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusdestroy, ruin; lose, waste
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
parsimōnia, -ae f.thrift, frugality
surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctusrise, get up, stand up
intrā, prep. with acc.within
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
lēx, lēgis f.law
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
urbs, urbis, f.city
fremitus, -ūs, m.roaring, roar
sēcessus, -ūs m.a withdrawing; a retreat; drain, privy
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
balineum (balneum), -ī n.bath, bathroom
eximō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptustake away, remove; use up (a day)
interior, -ius, adj.interior, inner
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
dēstringō, -ere, -strīnxī, -strictumdraw (a sword)
tergeō, -ēre, tersī, tersuswipe, clean
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
dictō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay repeatedly; dictate
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
vacō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbe empty, be unoccupied
latus, lateris n.side, flank
notārius, -ī m.shorthand writer, secretary
pugillārēs, -ium m. pl.writing tablets, notebook
manus, -ūs, f.hand
manica, -ae f.long sleeve; (pl.) handcuffs, manacles
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
asperitās, -ātis f.roughness, unevenness; harshness
ūllus, -a, -umany
ēripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptussnatch out or away, rescue
vehō, vehere, vexī, vectuscarry
corripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptusseize, snatch, snatch up
ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwalk
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
impendō, -ere, -pendī, -pēnsusspend, devote (time, money, effort)
intentiō, -ōnis f.close attention, concentration, effort
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumcarry through, complete
ēlēctus, -a, -umpicked, chosen, select
commentārius, -ī m.notebook, record; (pl.) memoirs, a commentary (Caesar's own account of his campaigns)
centum, indecl. adj.one hundred
sexāgintā (indecl.)sixty
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
opisthographus, -a, -umwritten on the back as well
minūtus, -a, -umsmall, tiny; petty
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
multiplicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmultiply, increase; passive: multiply, become many
numerus, -ī, m.number
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
prōcūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustake care of, manage
vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditumsell
quadringentī, -ae, -afour hundred
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
nummus, -ī, m.coin
tunc (adv.)then, at that time
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
nōnne, adv., introducing a question to which an affirmative answer is expectednot?
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
recordor, -ārī, -ātus sumcall to mind, remember
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
rūrsus, adv.again
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
occupātiō, -ōnis f.business, engagement, being busy
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
īnstantia, -ae f.persistence, perseverance; urgency, vehemence
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsuslaugh
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātusprepare, collect
dēsidiōsus, -a, -umidle, lazy
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
partim (adv.)partly (partim … partim: some … others)
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
distringō, -ere, -strīnxī, -strictusstretch apart; keep busy, distract
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
litterae, -ārum f. pl.letters (of the alphabet); a letter, dispatch
assideō (adsideō), -ēre, -sēdī, -sessumsit beside, sit with; apply oneself (to)
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
inertia, -ae f.inactivity, idleness, sloth
dēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive away or up
ērubēscō, -ere, -rubuīblush, feel ashamed
extendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentumstretch out, extend
epistula, -ae f.letter
requīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītuslook for, ask after; need
dēstinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfasten, make fast
cōnfīdō, -ere, cōnfīsus sumtrust, be confident
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
ēlabōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswork out, produce with effort
aemulātiō, -ōnis f.rivalry, the effort to equal someone
stimulus, -ī m.goad; in Caesar an iron spike set in the ground
excitō, -citāre, -citāvī, -citātuscall out, arouse
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Pliny, Epistulae III. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.