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Pliny · Epistulae III

Pliny, Letter 3.4

Why Pliny took the Baetican case

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Ep. 3.4.1Quamvīs et amīcī quōs praesentēs habēbam, et sermōnēs hominum factum meum comprobāsse videantur, magnī tamen aestimō scīre quid sentiās tū.Although both the friends I had with me and the talk of people seem to have approved what I did, I still set great store by knowing what you think. Ep. 3.4.2Nam cuius integrā rē cōnsilium exquīrere optāssem, huius etiam perāctā iūdicium nōsse mīrē concupīscō.For I am wonderfully eager to learn, now that the matter is done, the verdict of the man whose advice I would have wished to seek while it was still undecided. Ep. 3.4.2Cum pūblicum opus meā pecūniā incohātūrus in Tuscōs excucurrissem, acceptō ut praefectus aerārī commeātū, lēgātī prōvinciae Baeticae, questūrī dē prōcōnsulātū Caecilī Classicī, advocātum mē ā senātū petīvērunt.When I had hurried off to my Tuscan estate to begin a public building at my own expense, having obtained leave as prefect of the treasury, envoys from the province of Baetica, intending to complain of the proconsulship of Caecilius Classicus, asked the senate for me as their advocate.

Ep. 3.4.3Collēgae optimī meīque amantissimī, dē commūnis officiī necessitātibus praelocūtī, excūsāre mē et eximere temptārunt.My excellent colleagues, who are most devoted to me, spoke first of the demands of our joint office and tried to excuse and exempt me. Ep. 3.4.3Factum est senātūs cōnsultum perquam honōrificum, ut darer prōvinciālibus patrōnus sī ab ipsō mē impetrāssent.A decree of the senate was passed, most complimentary to me, that I should be given to the provincials as their patron if they obtained my consent from me myself. Ep. 3.4.4Lēgātī rūrsus inductī iterum mē iam praesentem advocātum postulāvērunt, implōrantēs fidem meam quam essent contrā Massam Baebium expertī, allēgantēs patrōcinī foedus.The envoys, brought in again, once more demanded me as their advocate, now that I was present, appealing to my good faith, which they had experienced against Massa Baebius, and pleading the bond of patronage. Ep. 3.4.4Secūta est senātūs clārissima assēnsiō, quae solet dēcrēta praecurrere.There followed the senate's loud assent, which usually runs ahead of its decrees. Ep. 3.4.4Tum ego "Dēsinō" inquam, "patrēs cōnscrīptī, putāre mē iūstās excūsātiōnis causās attulisse."Then I said: 'I cease, conscript fathers, to think that I have put forward just grounds for being excused.' Ep. 3.4.4Placuit et modestia sermōnis et ratiō.Both the modesty of the remark and its reasoning gave pleasure.

Ep. 3.4.5Compulit autem mē ad hoc cōnsilium nōn sōlum cōnsēnsus senātūs, quamquam hic maximē, vērum et aliī quīdam minōrēs, sed tamen numerī.I was driven to this decision, moreover, not only by the agreement of the senate, though by this most of all, but also by certain other considerations, lesser ones but still of weight. Ep. 3.4.5Veniēbat in mentem priōrēs nostrōs etiam singulōrum hospitum iniūriās voluntāriīs accūsātiōnibus exsecūtōs, quō dēfōrmius arbitrābar pūblicī hospitiī iūra neglegere.It came into my mind that our forefathers had pursued by voluntary prosecutions the wrongs done even to individual guest-friends, and so I thought it all the more disgraceful to neglect the rights of public hospitality. Ep. 3.4.6Praetereā cum recordārer, quanta prō īsdem Baeticīs superiōre advocātiōne etiam perīcula subīssem, cōnservandum veteris officiī meritum novō vidēbātur.Besides, when I recalled what dangers I had even undergone for these same Baeticans in my previous advocacy, it seemed that the merit of the old service should be preserved by a new one. Ep. 3.4.6Est enim ita comparātum ut antīquiōra beneficia subvertās, nisi illa posteriōribus cumulēs.For things are so ordered that you overturn earlier kindnesses unless you crown them with later ones.

Ep. 3.4.6Nam quamlibet saepe obligātī, sī quid ūnum negēs, hoc sōlum meminērunt quod negātum est.For however often people have been obliged, if you refuse them one thing, they remember only what was refused. Ep. 3.4.7Dūcēbar etiam quod dēcesserat Classicus, āmōtumque erat quod in eiusmodī causīs solet esse trīstissimum, perīculum senātōris.I was also influenced by the fact that Classicus had died, and what is usually the grimmest thing in cases of this kind, danger to a senator, had been removed. Ep. 3.4.7Vidēbam ergō advocātiōnī meae nōn minōrem grātiam quam sī vīveret ille prōpositam, invidiam nūllam.I saw, then, that no less gratitude was in store for my advocacy than if he had been alive, and no ill will. Ep. 3.4.8In summā computābam, sī mūnere hōc iam tertiō fungerer, faciliōrem mihi excūsātiōnem fore, sī quis incidisset, quem nōn dēbērem accūsāre.In sum, I reckoned that if I performed this duty now for the third time, it would be easier for me to be excused if anyone should turn up whom I ought not to prosecute. Ep. 3.4.8Nam cum est omnium officiōrum fīnis aliquis, tum optimē lībertātī venia obsequiō praeparātur.For while there is some limit to all duties, freedom is best prepared for by earning indulgence through compliance.

Ep. 3.4.9Audīstī cōnsiliī meī mōtūs: superest alterutrā ex parte iūdicium tuum, in quō mihi aequē iūcunda erit simplicitās dissentientis quam comprobantis auctōritās.You have heard the motives for my decision: it remains for you to give your judgement one way or the other, and in it the frankness of disagreement will be as welcome to me as the authority of approval. Ep. 3.4.9Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×4, ablative absolute ×1, purpose clauses ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (213 words)
quamvīs (adv.)however much, as … as you like
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
homō, hominis, m.man
factum, -ī n.deed, act
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
comprobō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusapprove; confirm, prove right
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
aestimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumvalue, reckon
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsusperceive, feel
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
nam, conj.for
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
exquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch out, find out
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumcarry through, complete
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtumget to know (perf. nōvī: know)
mīrē (adv.)wonderfully, remarkably
concupīscō, -cupīscere, -cupīvī, -cupītuslong for, covet
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
opus, operis, n.work, task
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
incohō (inchoō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusbegin, start
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
excurrō, -ere, -cucurrī or -currī, -cursumrun out, make a sally
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
praefectus, -ī m.commander, officer
aerārium, -ī n.treasury (the state treasury in the temple of Saturn)
commeātus, -ūs, m.supplies, provisions
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
Baeticus, -a, -umof Baetica, the southern Spanish province
queror, -ī, questus sumcomplain
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
prōcōnsulātus, -ūs m.proconsulship, governorship of a province
classicus, -a, -umof the fleet, naval; legio classica: legion raised from marines
advocātus, -ī m.supporter in court, legal adviser, counsel; helper, friend called in
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
senātus, -ūs m.senate
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
bonus, -a, -umgood
que, enclitic conj.and
amāns, -antisloving, fond, devoted (to: gen.)
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
necessitās, -ātis f.necessity, compulsion
praeloquor, -loquī, -locūtus sumspeak first, say beforehand, preface
excūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusexcuse, make excuses for
eximō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptustake away, remove; use up (a day)
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
cōnsultum, -ī n.decree (senātūs cōnsultum: a decree of the Senate)
perquam (adv.)extremely, very much
honōrificus, -a, -umhonourable, conferring honour
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
prōvinciālis, -eof the Province; as noun, a provincial
patrōnus, -ī m.patron, protector
sī, conj.if
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
impetrō, -petrāre, -petrāvī, -petrātusgain one's end, obtain (a request)
rūrsus, adv.again
indūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductuslead in or on, move, excite
iterum, adv.again, a second time
iam, adv.now, already
postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, request, demand
implōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbeg for, appeal for
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
allēgō (adlēgō), -āre, -āvī, -ātuscite, plead, put forward (in support); depute
patrōcinium, -ī n.protection, patronage; legal defence
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
assēnsiō (adsēnsiō), -ōnis f.agreement, approval, applause
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
praecurrō, -ere, -cucurrī, -cursumrun ahead, hurry on before
tum, adv.then, at that time
dēsinō, -sinere, -siī, -situsstop, cease (+ inf.)
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
pater, patris, m.father
cōnscrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptumenlist, enroll
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
iūstus, -a, -umjust
excūsātiō, -ōnis f.excuse, plea
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum (+ dat.)please (placuit eī: he decided)
modestia, -ae f.moderation, discipline, restraint
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
compellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive together, drive
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
nōn, adv.not
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
cōnsēnsus, -ūs, m.agreement, consent
quamquam, conj.however much, although
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
sed, conj.but
numerus, -ī, m.number
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
noster, -tra, -trumour
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
hospes, hospitis m.guest; host; guest-friend
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
voluntārius, -a, -umwilling; (m. pl. as noun) volunteers
accūsātiō, -ōnis f.accusation, charge
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
dēfōrmis, -emisshapen, ugly
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
hospitium, -ī, n.hospitality
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusdisregard, neglect
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
recordor, -ārī, -ātus sumcall to mind, remember
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
advocātiō, -ōnis f.a body of supporters in court; legal assistance, advocacy, a case pleaded
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
cōnservō, -servāre, -servāvī, -servātuspreserve, keep
vetus, veterisold, former
meritum, -ī n.service, desert
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
enim, conj.for
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātusprepare, collect
antīquus, -a, -umancient
beneficium, -ī, n.well-doing, kindness, service, benefit
subvertō, -ere, -vertī, -versusoverturn, upset
nisi, conj.if not, unless
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
cumulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusheap up; crown, cap (one deed with another)
quamlibet (adv.)as much as you like
saepe, adv.often, frequently
obligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbind, oblige; mortgage, pledge
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
meminī, meminisseremember
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
quod, conj.that, in that, because
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
āmoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove away
eiusmodī (adv.)of that kind, such
trīstis, -esad, gloomy
senātor, -ōris m.senator, elder
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
invidia, -ae f.envy, jealousy, ill will
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
summa, -ae f.total, sum; supreme command
computō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscount up, reckon, calculate
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
tertiō (adv.)for the third time
fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum (+ abl.)perform, carry out, discharge
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
accūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumblame, accuse
omnis, -eall, every
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
bene, adv.well; successfully
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
venia, -ae f.pardon, forgiveness
obsequium, -ī n.compliance, obedience; service (to a god): obsequium praestāre Deō
praeparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprepare beforehand
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
alteruter, -tra, -trumone or the other; ad alterutrum: to one another (Late Latin)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
iūcundus, -a, -umsweet, pleasant
simplicitās, -ātis f.simplicity, sincerity, guilelessness; naivety
dissentiō, -īre, -sēnsī, -sēnsusdisagree, differ
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Pliny, Epistulae III. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.