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Pliny · Epistulae I

Pliny, Letter 1.8

Doubts about publishing a speech

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Ep. 1.8.1Peropportūnē mihi redditae sunt litterae tuae quibus flāgitābās, ut tibi aliquid ex scrīptīs meīs mitterem, cum ego id ipsum dēstināssem.Your letter, in which you pressed me to send you something of my writings, was delivered most opportunely, since I had already intended to do that very thing. Ep. 1.8.1Addidistī ergō calcāria sponte currentī, pariterque et tibi veniam recūsandī labōris et mihi exigendī verēcundiam sustulistī.So you have spurred a willing horse, and have removed both your own excuse for declining the labour and my diffidence in asking it of you. Ep. 1.8.2Nam nec mē timidē ūtī decet eō quod oblātum est, nec tē gravārī quod dēpoposcistī.For it is neither fitting for me to make timid use of what has been offered, nor for you to make difficulties about what you have demanded. Ep. 1.8.2Nōn est tamen quod ab homine dēsidiōsō aliquid novī operis exspectēs.There is no reason, however, for you to expect any new work from an idle man. Ep. 1.8.2Petītūrus sum enim ut rūrsus vacēs sermōnī quem apud mūnicipēs meōs habuī bibliothēcam dēdicātūrus.For I am going to ask you to give your time once more to the speech I delivered before my fellow townsmen when I was about to dedicate a library.

Ep. 1.8.3Meminī quidem tē iam quaedam adnotāsse, sed generāliter;I remember, indeed, that you have already made some notes, but in general terms; Ep. 1.8.3ideō nunc rogō ut nōn tantum ūniversitātī eius attendās, vērum etiam particulās quā solēs līmā persequāris.so I now ask you not only to attend to it as a whole, but also to go through its smaller parts with your file, as you usually do. Ep. 1.8.3Erit enim et post ēmendātiōnem līberum nōbīs vel pūblicāre vel continēre.For even after correction I shall be free either to publish it or to keep it back. Ep. 1.8.4Quīn immō fortasse hanc ipsam cūnctātiōnem nostram in alterutram sententiam ēmendātiōnis ratiō dēdūcet, quae aut indignum ēditiōne dum saepius retractat inveniet, aut dignum dum id ipsum experītur efficiet.Indeed, perhaps the process of correction will itself bring this hesitation of mine down on one side or the other, since by going over it repeatedly it will either find it unworthy of publication or, by that very testing, make it worthy. Ep. 1.8.5Quamquam huius cūnctātiōnis meae causae nōn tam in scrīptīs quam in ipsō māteriae genere cōnsistunt: est enim paulō quasi glōriōsius et ēlātius.And yet the reasons for my hesitation lie not so much in the writing as in the very nature of the subject: it is, as it were, a little too boastful and lofty.

Ep. 1.8.5Onerābit hoc modestiam nostram, etiamsī stilus ipse pressus dēmissusque fuerit, proptereā quod cōgimur cum dē mūnificentiā parentum nostrōrum tum dē nostrā disputāre.This will burden my modesty, even if the style itself is restrained and subdued, because I am compelled to speak both of the generosity of my forebears and of my own. Ep. 1.8.6Anceps hic et lūbricus locus est, etiam cum illī necessitās lēnōcinātur.This is a dangerous and slippery place, even when necessity pleads in its favour. Ep. 1.8.6Etenim sī aliēnae quoque laudēs parum aequīs auribus accipī solent, quam difficile est obtinēre, nē molesta videātur ōrātiō dē sē aut dē suīs disserentis!For if even praise of others is usually received with less than fair ears, how difficult it is to ensure that the speech of a man discoursing on himself or his family does not seem tiresome! Ep. 1.8.6Nam cum ipsī honestātī tum aliquantō magis glōriae eius praedicātiōnīque invidēmus, atque ea dēmum rēctē facta minus dētorquēmus et carpimus, quae in obscūritāte et silentiō repōnuntur.For we grudge virtue itself, and still more its glory and the proclaiming of it, and we are least inclined to distort and carp at those good deeds which are laid away in obscurity and silence.

Ep. 1.8.7Quā ex causā saepe ipse mēcum, nōbīsne tantum, quidquid est istud, composuisse an et aliīs dēbeāmus.For this reason I often ask myself whether I ought to have composed this, whatever it is, for myself only, or for others as well. Ep. 1.8.7Ut nōbīs, admonet illud, quod plēraque quae sunt agendae reī necessāria, eadem perācta nec ūtilitātem parem nec grātiam retinent.That it was for myself, I am reminded by the fact that most things which are necessary for carrying out an undertaking retain neither the same usefulness nor the same favour once it is done. Ep. 1.8.8Ac, nē longius exempla repetāmus, quid ūtilius fuit quam mūnificentiae ratiōnem etiam stilō prōsequī?And, not to seek examples further afield, what was more useful than to follow up the reasoning of my generosity with the pen as well? Ep. 1.8.8Per hoc enim assequēbāmur, prīmum ut honestīs cōgitātiōnibus immorārēmur, deinde ut pulchritūdinem illārum longiōre tractātū pervidērēmus, postrēmō ut subitae largītiōnis comitem paenitentiam cavērēmus.For by this I achieved, first, that I dwelt on honourable thoughts, next, that I perceived their beauty by longer handling, and lastly, that I guarded against the regret that accompanies sudden lavishness.

Ep. 1.8.8Nāscēbātur ex hīs exercitātiō quaedam contemnendae pecūniae.From these arose a kind of training in despising money. Ep. 1.8.9Nam cum omnēs hominēs ad custōdiam eius nātūra restrīnxerit, nōs contrā multum ac diū pēnsitātus amor līberālitātis commūnibus avāritiae vinculīs eximēbat, tantōque laudābilior mūnificentia nostra fore vidēbātur, quod ad illam nōn impetū quōdam, sed cōnsiliō trahēbāmur.For although nature has bound all men to guard it, the love of liberality, long and much weighed, released me, by contrast, from the common chains of avarice, and my generosity seemed likely to be all the more praiseworthy because I was drawn to it not by some impulse but by deliberation. Ep. 1.8.10Accēdēbat hīs causīs, quod nōn lūdōs aut gladiātōrēs sed annuōs sūmptūs in alimenta ingenuōrum pollicēbāmur.There was added to these reasons the fact that I was promising not games or gladiators but an annual sum for the maintenance of freeborn children. Ep. 1.8.10Oculōrum porrō et aurium voluptātēs adeō nōn egent commendātiōne, ut nōn tam incitārī dēbeant ōrātiōne quam reprimī;Pleasures of the eyes and ears, moreover, are so far from needing recommendation that they ought not so much to be encouraged by a speech as restrained; Ep. 1.8.11ut vērō aliquis libenter ēducātiōnis taedium labōremque suscipiat, nōn praemiīs modo vērum etiam exquīsītīs adhortātiōnibus impetrandum est.but to get someone to take on willingly the tedium and toil of bringing up children, one must use not only rewards but also carefully chosen exhortations.

Ep. 1.8.12Nam sī medicī salūbrēs sed voluptāte carentēs cibōs blandiōribus alloquiīs prōsequuntur, quantō magis decuit pūblicē cōnsulentem ūtilissimum mūnus, sed nōn perinde populāre, cōmitāte ōrātiōnis indūcere?For if doctors accompany wholesome but unpleasant food with coaxing words, how much more was it fitting for one who was looking after the public good to introduce a most useful but not equally popular gift with courteous speech? Ep. 1.8.12praesertim cum ēnītendum habērēmus, ut quod parentibus dabātur et orbīs probārētur, honōremque paucōrum cēterī patienter et exspectārent et merērentur.especially as I had to strive to ensure that what was given to parents should be approved by the childless too, and that the rest should patiently both wait for and deserve the privilege of a few. Ep. 1.8.13Sed ut tunc commūnibus magis commodīs quam prīvātae iactantiae studēbāmus, cum intentiōnem effectumque mūneris nostrī vellēmus intellegī, ita nunc in ratiōne ēdendī verēmur, nē forte nōn aliōrum ūtilitātibus sed propriae laudī servīsse videāmur.But just as then I was more concerned with the common good than with private display, when I wanted the purpose and effect of my gift to be understood, so now, in the matter of publishing, I fear that I may perhaps seem to have served not the benefit of others but my own praise.

Ep. 1.8.14Praetereā meminimus quantō maiōre animō honestātis frūctus in cōnscientiā quam in fāmā repōnātur.Besides, I remember how much nobler it is to lay up the reward of virtue in one's conscience than in one's reputation. Ep. 1.8.14Sequī enim glōria, nōn appetī dēbet, nec, sī cāsū aliquō nōn sequātur, idcircō quod glōriam meruit minus pulchrum est.For glory ought to follow, not to be sought, and if by some chance it does not follow, what deserved glory is no less fine for that. Ep. 1.8.15Iī vērō, quī benefacta sua verbīs adōrnant, nōn ideō praedicāre quia fēcerint, sed ut praedicārent fēcisse crēduntur.But those who adorn their good deeds with words are believed not to proclaim them because they did them, but to have done them in order to proclaim them. Ep. 1.8.15Sīc quod magnificum referente aliō fuisset, ipsō quī gesserat recēnsente vānēscit;So what would have been magnificent if another reported it vanishes when it is recounted by the man who did it; Ep. 1.8.15hominēs enim cum rem dēstruere nōn possunt, iactātiōnem eius incessunt.for when men cannot destroy a deed, they attack the boasting of it.

Ep. 1.8.15Ita sī silenda fēceris, factum ipsum, sī laudanda nōn sileās, ipse culpāris.Thus if you have done things that should be kept quiet, the deed itself is blamed; if you do not keep quiet about things that deserve praise, you yourself are blamed. Ep. 1.8.16Mē vērō pecūliāris quaedam impedit ratiō.But in my case a particular reason stands in the way. Ep. 1.8.16Etenim hunc ipsum sermōnem nōn apud populum, sed apud decuriōnēs habuī, nec in propatulō sed in cūriā.For I delivered this very speech not before the people but before the town council, and not in the open but in the council-house. Ep. 1.8.17Vereor ergō ut sit satis congruēns, cum in dīcendō assentātiōnem vulgī acclāmātiōnemque dēfūgerim, nunc eādem illā ēditiōne sectārī, cumque plēbem ipsam, cui cōnsulēbātur, līmine cūriae parietibusque discrēverim, nē quam in speciem ambitiōnis inciderem, nunc eōs etiam, ad quōs ex mūnere nostrō nihil pertinet praeter exemplum, velut obviā ostentātiōne conquīrere.I fear, then, that it may be hardly consistent, when in speaking I avoided the approval and applause of the crowd, now to pursue those same things by publication, and when I separated the very common people whose interests were being looked after by the threshold and walls of the council-house, so as not to fall into any appearance of courting favour, now to seek out by a kind of forward display even those to whom nothing from my gift belongs except the example.

Ep. 1.8.18Habēs cūnctātiōnis meae causās;You have the reasons for my hesitation; Ep. 1.8.18obsequar tamen cōnsiliō tuō, cuius mihi auctōritās prō ratiōne sufficiet.I shall nevertheless follow your advice, whose authority will be reason enough for me. Ep. 1.8.18Valē.Farewell.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×10, indirect statement ×2, purpose clauses ×7, ablative absolute ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (368 words)
peropportūnē (adv.)very conveniently, most timely
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
littera, -ae f.letter (of the alphabet); pl. letter, writing
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
flāgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdemand urgently
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
scrīptum, -ī n.something written; (pl.) writings, works
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
dēstinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfasten, make fast
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
calcar, -āris n.spur
sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meā, tuā, suāof one's own accord, voluntarily
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursusrun
pariter (adv.)equally, alike; at the same time
que, enclitic conj.and
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
venia, -ae f.pardon, forgiveness
recūsō, -cūsāre, -cūsāvī, -cūsātusgive a reason against, refuse
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
exigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumdrive out; finish, spend (a season)
verēcundia, -ae f.modesty, respect, deference
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
nam, conj.for
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
timidē (adv.)timidly
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
decet, decēre, decuit (impers.)it is fitting, it is proper
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātusbear to, proffer, offer
gravō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusweigh down, make heavy
dēposcō, -ere, -poposcīdemand, call for
nōn, adv.not
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
quod, conj.that, in that, because
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
homō, hominis, m.man
dēsidiōsus, -a, -umidle, lazy
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
opus, operis, n.work, task
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
enim, conj.for
rūrsus, adv.again
vacō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbe empty, be unoccupied
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
mūniceps, -cipis m.citizen of a municipium, townsman
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
bibliothēca, -ae f.library; bookcase, room for books
dēdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdedicate, consecrate
meminī, meminisseremember
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
iam, adv.now, already
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
adnotō (annotō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusnote down, take note of, observe
sed, conj.but
generāliter (adv.)in general, as a whole
ideō (adv.)for that reason, therefore
nunc, adv.now
rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
ūniversitās, -ātis f.the whole, the entirety
attendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusturn one's mind to, pay attention, notice
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
particula, -ae f.small part, particle
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
līma, -ae f.file; final polishing, revision
persequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, pursue
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
ēmendātiō, -ōnis f.correction, revision
līber, lībera, līberumfree
nōsplur. of ego
velor; vel … vel: either … or
pūblicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconfiscate, make public property
contineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold together, keep within, shut up in; bound
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
immō (adv.)no rather, on the contrary; immō vērō: no, indeed, even
fortasse (adv.)perhaps
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
cūnctātiō, -ōnis f.delay, hesitation
noster, -tra, -trumour
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
alteruter, -tra, -trumone or the other; ad alterutrum: to one another (Late Latin)
sententia, -ae, f.opinion; purpose
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
dēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead down or away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to draw down or launch a ship
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
ēditiō, -ōnis f.publication, publishing (of a book); edition
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
saepe, adv.often, frequently
retractō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushandle again, touch again
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
quamquam, conj.however much, although
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
tam, adv.so
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
māteria, -ae f.timber, material
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
quasi, conj.as if
glōriōsus, -a, -umglorious; boastful
ēlātē (adv.; comp. ēlātius)loftily, boastfully
onerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusload, burden
modestia, -ae f.moderation, discipline, restraint
etiamsīeven if, although
stilus, -ī m.a pointed stake, a caltrop set in the ground against attackers
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
dēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend down, let fall; animōs dēmittere, to lose courage
proptereāfor this reason; proptereā quod: because
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
mūnificentia, -ae f.generosity, open-handedness
parēns, -entis m./f.parent
tum, adv.then, at that time
disputō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdiscuss, argue
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
lūbricus, -a, -umslippery, smooth
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
necessitās, -ātis f.necessity, compulsion
lēnōcinor, -ārī, -ātus sumpander to; make attractive, enhance; flatter
etenim (conj.)for indeed, and in fact
sī, conj.if
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
quoque, adv.also
laus, laudis f.praise, glory
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
auris, -is, f.ear
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
molestus, -a, -umtroublesome; molestus esse (+ dat.), to bother
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f.speech; ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver an oration, speak
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
disserō, -ere, -sēvī, -situssow here and there, plant at intervals
honestās, -ātis f.honor, integrity
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
glōria, -ae, f.glory
praedicātiō, -ōnis f.proclamation; praise
invideō, -ēre, invīdī, invīsum (+ dat.)envy, be jealous of
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
dēmum, adv.at last
rēctē (adv.)rightly, properly; safely
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
minus, comp. adv.less
dētorqueō, -ēre, -torsī, -tortusturn aside, turn
carpō, -ere, -sī, -tuspluck
obscūritās, -ātis f.darkness, obscurity; low birth, insignificance
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
repōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set back; store up or away
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
compōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput together; mend, set in order
an, conj.or (in questions)
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
admoneō, -ēre, -uī, -itusremind, warn, advise
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
necessārius, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m.necessary, critical; (noun) close friend, relative
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
peragō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctumcarry through, complete
ūtilitās, -ātis f.usefulness, advantage
pār, parisequal
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
longē, adv.far
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
repetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītumdemand back; seek again
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
ūtilis, -euseful, advantageous
prōsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow forward, follow
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
assequor, -sequī, -secūtus sumovertake; attain, accomplish
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
cōgitātiō, -ōnis f.thought, reflection; plan, intention
immoror, -ārī, -ātus sumdwell on, linger over
deinde, adv.then, next
pulchritūdō, -inis f.beauty
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
tractātus, -ūs m.handling, treatment, conduct (of a matter)
pervideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsussee through, discern, examine closely
postrēmō (adv.)finally, at last
subitus, -a, -umsudden
largītiō, -ōnis f.lavish giving, bribery
comes, -itis, m. and f.companion
paenitentia, -ae f.repentance, change of heart
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautusbeware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
exercitātiō, -ōnis, f.exercise
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
omnis, -eall, every
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
custōdia, -ae f.guard, protection
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
restringō, -ere, -strīnxī, -strictusrestrain, limit; tie back
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
multum, -ī, n.much
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
pēnsitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspay (taxes, tribute); weigh, ponder
amor, -ōris, m.love
līberālitās, -ātis f.generosity
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
avāritia, -ae f.greed
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
eximō, -ere, -ēmī, -ēmptustake away, remove; use up (a day)
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
laudābilis, -epraiseworthy, commendable
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
lūdus, -ī, m.game, sport
gladiātor, -ōris m.gladiator; as an insult: cutthroat, ruffian
annuus, -a, -umfor a year, yearly
sūmptus, -ūs m.expense
alimentum, -ī n.food, nourishment
ingenuus, -a, -umfreeborn; as noun, a freeborn man
polliceor, -licērī, -licituspromise
oculus, -ī, m.eye
porrō (adv.)further on; moreover
voluptās, -tātis, f.pleasure
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.)need, lack, be in want of
commendātiō, -ōnis f.recommendation, backing
incitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, provoke
reprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressumhold back, check
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
libenter, adv.willingly, gladly
ēducātiō, -ōnis f.bringing up, rearing, upbringing
taedium, -ī n.weariness, disgust
suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptusundertake
praemium, -ī, n.reward
modo, adv.only
exquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch out, find out
adhortātiō, -ōnis f.encouragement, exhortation
impetrō, -petrāre, -petrāvī, -petrātusgain one's end, obtain (a request)
medicus, -ī m.doctor
salūbris, -ehealthy, wholesome
careō, -ēre, -uībe without, lack (+ abl.)
cibus, -ī, m.food
blandus, -a, -umcoaxing, caressing, charming
alloquium (adloquium), -ī n.address, friendly words
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
pūblicē (adv.)officially, as a state
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
perinde (adv.)in the same way, equally; haud perinde: not so much
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
cōmitās, -ātis f.courtesy, friendliness
indūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductuslead in or on, move, excite
praesertim (adv.)especially
ēnītor, -ī, -nīsus (-nīxus) sumstruggle upward; strive, exert oneself
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
orbus, -a, -umbereaved, orphaned, childless
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
honor, -ōris, m.honor
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
patienter (adv.)patiently
mereor, -ērī, meritus sumdeserve; (dē) do service to
tunc (adv.)then, at that time
commodum, -ī n.advantage, interest
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
iactantia, -ae f.boasting, showing off, ostentation
studeō, -ēre, -uībe eager, give attention, apply oneself
intentiō, -ōnis f.close attention, concentration, effort
effectus, -ūs m.result, accomplishment, success
volō, velle, voluīwish
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
vereor, -ērī, -itusfear
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
proprius, -a, -umone's own, private; characteristic (of)
serviō, -ire, -īvī, -ītusbe subject to, serve
praetereā, adv.besides this, besides, moreover
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
frūctus, -ūs, m.enjoyment; fruit
cōnscientia, -ae f.awareness; consciousness of guilt, guilty conscience
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītusdraw near
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
idcircō (adv.)for that reason
mereō, -ēre, meruī, meritusdeserve, earn
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrumbeautiful
benefactum, -ī n.good deed, kindness
verbum, -ī, n.word
adōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusprepare, equip; urge on
praedicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumproclaim; boast of
quia (conj.)because
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
sīc, adv.so, thus
magnificus, -a, -umsplendid, magnificent
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
recēnseō, -ēre, -uī, -suscount, review, muster
vānēscō, -ere, vānuīvanish, fade away
dēstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctuspull down, demolish
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
iactātiō, -ōnis f.boasting, display; tossing, shaking
incessō, -ere, -cessīvīattack, assail; (of feelings) seize
sileō, -ēre, -uībe silent; pass over in silence
factum, -ī n.deed, act
laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpraise
culpō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusblame
pecūliāris, -eone's own, special, particular
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
populus, -ī m.people, nation
decuriō, -ōnis m.cavalry officer, decurion
propatulum, -ī n.open place; in propatulō: openly, in public
cūria, -ae f.senate house
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
congruō, -ere, -uīagree, fit, coincide
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
assentātiō (adsentātiō), -ōnis f.flattery, servile agreement
vulgus, -ī n.the common people, the crowd
acclāmātiō, -ōnis f.shout, applause, acclamation
dēfugiō, -fugere, -fūgīavoid, shun
sector, -ārī, -ātus sumkeep following, chase after
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
līmen, -minis, n.threshold; door
pariēs, -etis m.wall (of a house)
discernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētusseparate; distinguish, tell apart
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
ambitiō, -ōnis f.canvassing for office; ambition, desire for honours
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
veluteven or just as, as
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
ostentātiō, -ōnis f.display, show
conquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch out, hunt down
obsequor, -sequī, -secūtus sumcomply, give way (to: dat.)
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
sufficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectusbe enough, hold out; supply
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
Pliny, Epistulae I. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.