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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.65

Co-opted tribunes and renewed strife

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Liv. 3.65.1Novī tribūnī plēbis in cooptandīs collēgīs patrum voluntātem fōvērunt, duōs etiam patriciōs cōnsulārēsque, Sp. Tarpeium et A. Aternium, cooptāvēre.The new tribunes of the plebs, in co-opting colleagues, indulged the wishes of the senators; they even co-opted two patricians and former consuls, Spurius Tarpeius and Aulus Aternius. Liv. 3.65.2Cōnsulēs creātī Sp. Herminius, T. Verginius Caelimontānus, nihil magnopere ad patrum aut plēbis causam inclīnātī, ōtium domī ac forīs habuēre.The consuls elected, Spurius Herminius and Titus Verginius Caelimontanus, inclining strongly to neither the senators' nor the plebs' cause, had peace at home and abroad. Liv. 3.65.3L. Trebōnius tribūnus plēbis īnfestus patribus, quod sē ab iīs in cooptandīs tribūnīs fraude captum prōditumque ā collēgīs aiēbat, rogātiōnem tulit, ut, quī plēbem Rōmānam tribūnōs plēbī rogāret, is ūsque eō rogāret, dum decem tribūnōs plēbī faceret;Lucius Trebonius, a tribune of the plebs hostile to the senators, because he said he had been tricked by them in the co-opting of tribunes and betrayed by his colleagues, brought forward a bill that whoever put the election of tribunes of the plebs to the Roman plebs should go on taking the vote until he had elected ten tribunes of the plebs; Liv. 3.65.4īnsectandīsque patribus, unde Asperō etiam inditum est cognōmen, tribūnātum gessit.and he spent his tribunate harassing the senators, from which he was even given the surname Asper.

Liv. 3.65.4Inde M. Gegānius Macerīnus et C. Iūlius cōnsulēs factī contentiōnēs tribūnōrum adversus nōbilium iuventūtem ortās sine īnsectātiōne potestātis eius cōnservātā maiestāte patrum sēdāvēre.Next Marcus Geganius Macerinus and Gaius Julius, who were made consuls, calmed the disputes that had arisen between the tribunes and the young nobles, without attacking that office and while preserving the majesty of the senators. Liv. 3.65.6Plēbem dēcrētō ad bellum Volscōrum et Aequōrum dīlēctū sustinendō rem ab sēditiōnibus continuēre, urbānō ōtiō forīs quoque omnia tranquilla esse adfirmantēs, per discordiās cīvīlēs externōs tollere animōs.By holding the plebs in check with a levy decreed for the war with the Volsci and Aequi, they kept the state from sedition, declaring that when the city was at peace all was calm abroad too, but that through civil discord foreigners raised their spirits. Liv. 3.65.7Cūra pācis concordiae quoque intestīnae causa fuit.Care for peace was also the cause of harmony within. Liv. 3.65.7Sed alter semper ōrdō gravis alterīus modestiae erat;But one order was always oppressive to the other's moderation; Liv. 3.65.7quiēscentī plēbī ab iūniōribus patrum iniūriae fierī coeptae.when the plebs was quiet, wrongs began to be done to it by the younger senators.

Liv. 3.65.8Ubi tribūnī auxiliō humiliōribus essent, in prīmīs parum prōderat, deinde nē ipsī quidem inviolātī erant, utique postrēmīs mēnsibus, cum et per coitiōnēs potentiōrum iniūria fieret et vīs potestātis omnis aliquantō posteriōre annī parte languidior ferme esset.Where the tribunes came to the aid of the humbler folk, at first it did little good, and later not even they themselves were inviolate, especially in the last months, when wrongs were done through combinations of the more powerful and the force of every office was generally somewhat weaker in the latter part of the year. Liv. 3.65.9Iamque plēbs ita in tribūnātū pōnere aliquid speī, sī similēs Iciliō tribūnōs habēret: nōmina tantum sē bienniō habuisse.And now the plebs was placing some hope in the tribunate only if it had tribunes like Icilius: for two years it had had mere names. Liv. 3.65.10Seniōrēs contrā patrum, ut nimis ferōcēs suōs crēdere iuvenēs esse, ita mālle, sī modus excēdendus esset, suīs quam adversāriīs superesse animōs.The elder senators, on the other hand, though they believed their young men too aggressive, still preferred, if moderation had to be exceeded, that their own side rather than their opponents should have spirit to spare.

Liv. 3.65.11Adeō moderātiō tuendae lībertātis, dum aequārī velle simulandō ita sē quisque extollit, ut dēprimat alium, in difficilī est, cavendōque nē metuant, hominēs metuendōs ultrō sē efficiunt, et iniūriam ā nōbīs repulsam tamquam aut facere aut patī necesse sit, iniungimus aliīs.So hard is moderation in defending liberty, while each man, by pretending to want equality, raises himself so as to press another down; and in guarding against fear, men actually make themselves to be feared, and the injury we have warded off from ourselves we inflict on others, as if one must either do wrong or suffer it.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×9, purpose clauses ×1, indirect statement ×6

Latin vocabulary for this passage (169 words)
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
cooptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, co-opt (as a member)
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
pater, patris, m.father
voluntās, -tātis, f.wish, will
foveō, -ēre, fōvī, fōtuskeep warm; cherish, favour
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
patricius, -ī m.patrician, member of the old Roman nobility
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
que, enclitic conj.and
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, appoint
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
magnopere, adv.greatly, very much, exceedingly; earnestly
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
inclīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, lean; incline, tend
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
forīs, adv.out of doors, without
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
quod, conj.that, in that, because
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
prōdō, -ere, -didī, -ditumhand down; betray
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
rogātiō, -ōnis f.proposed law, bill (put to the people)
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
decem, indecl. adj.ten
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
īnsector, -ārī, -ātus sumpursue, chase; harass
unde, adv.whence
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
cognōmen, -inis n.surname, added name, nickname
tribūnātus, -ūs m.tribuneship, office of tribune (military or of the people)
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
inde (adv.)from there; then
contentiō, -ōnis f.struggle, dispute
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
iuventūs, -ūtis f.youth; the young men
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
sine, prep. with abl.without
īnsectātiō, -ōnis f.a pursuit; an attack in words, railing
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
cōnservō, -servāre, -servāvī, -servātuspreserve, keep
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
sēdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussettle, calm, put down
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
bellum, -ī, n.war
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
sēditiō, -ōnis f.riot, mutiny, discord
contineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold together, keep within, shut up in; bound
urbānus, -a, -umof the city (Rome), urban
quoque, adv.also
omnis, -eall, every
tranquillus, -a, -umcalm
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
discordia, -ae f.disagreement, discord, strife
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
externus, -a, -umoutside, foreign
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
pāx, pācis f.peace
concordia, -ae f.agreement, harmony
intestīnus, -a, -uminternal, domestic, civil
sed, conj.but
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
semper, adv.always
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
modestia, -ae f.moderation, discipline, restraint
quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētusrest, keep quiet
iūnior, -ius (comp. of iuvenis)younger; iūniōrēs: men of military age
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
deinde, adv.then, next
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
inviolātus, -a, -umunharmed; sacred, inviolable
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
postrēmus, -a, -umlast
mēnsis, -is m.month
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
coitiō, -ōnis f.coming together, meeting; combination, conspiracy
potēns, -entispowerful
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
annus, -ī, m.year
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
languidus, -a, -umfaint, tired
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
iam, adv.now, already
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
spēs, speī, f.hope
sī, conj.if
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
biennium, -ī n.period of two years
senior, -ōris m.elder; seniores: the elders (of the people)
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
nimis (adv.)too much, too
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
excēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo out or forth, depart
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
adversārius, -ī m.opponent, enemy
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
moderātiō, -ōnis f.restraint, moderation, self-control; control, management
tueor, -ērī, tuitus sumwatch over, protect, defend
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
volō, velle, voluīwish
simulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpretend
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
extollō, -erelift up, raise; praise, exalt
dēprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressumpress down, sink; depressus: sunk below ground
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautusbeware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
homō, hominis, m.man
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
nōsplur. of ego
repulsa, -ae f.defeat in an election, rejection
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
iniungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to; impose, inflict
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.