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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.36

The second decemvirate turns tyrannical

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Liv. 3.36.1Ille fīnis Appiō aliēnae persōnae ferendae fuit;That was the end of Appius playing a part not his own; Liv. 3.36.1suō iam inde vīvere ingeniō coepit novōsque collēgās, iam priusquam inīrent magistrātum, in suōs mōrēs fōrmāre.from then on he began to live according to his own nature and to mould his new colleagues to his own ways, even before they entered office. Liv. 3.36.2Cottīdiē coībant remōtīs arbitrīs;Every day they met with no witnesses present; Liv. 3.36.2inde inpotentibus īnstrūctī cōnsiliīs, quae sēcrētō ab aliīs coquēbant, iam haud dissimulandō superbiam, rārī aditūs, conloquentibus difficilēs, ad īdūs Māiās rem perdūxēre.then, armed with unbridled plans which they concocted in secret apart from others, no longer hiding their arrogance, seldom approachable and hard to talk to, they spun matters out until the Ides of May. Liv. 3.36.3Īdūs tum Māiae sollemnēs ineundīs magistrātibus erant.The Ides of May was at that time the customary day for entering office. Liv. 3.36.3Initō igitur magistrātū prīmum honōris diem dēnūntiātiōne ingentis terrōris īnsignem fēcēre.So, on entering office, they marked the first day of their magistracy by a threat of tremendous terror.

Liv. 3.36.3Nam cum ita priōrēs decemvirī servāssent, ut ūnus fascēs habēret et hoc īnsigne rēgium in orbem suam cuiusque vicem per omnēs īret, subitō omnēs cum duodēnīs fascibus prōdiēre.For whereas the previous decemvirs had kept the rule that one man held the fasces and that this emblem of royalty passed round them all, each in his turn, suddenly they all came forth with twelve fasces each. Liv. 3.36.4Centum vīgintī līctōrēs forum inplēverant et cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant;A hundred and twenty lictors had filled the forum and carried before them axes bound up with the rods; Liv. 3.36.4nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent, interpretābantur.and they explained that there was no point in the axe being removed, since they had been elected without appeal. Liv. 3.36.5Decem rēgum speciēs erat multiplicātusque terror nōn īnfimīs sōlum, sed prīmōribus patrum ratīs caedis causam ac prīncipium quaerī, ut, sī quis memorem lībertātis vōcem aut in senātū aut in populō mīsisset, statim virgae secūrēsque etiam ad cēterōrum metum expedīrentur.It looked like ten kings, and the terror was multiplied, not only among the lowest but among the leading senators, who thought that a pretext and starting point for bloodshed was being sought, so that, if anyone let fall a word mindful of liberty, either in the senate or before the people, the rods and axes would at once be made ready, to frighten the rest as well.

Liv. 3.36.6Nam praeterquam quod in populō nihil erat praesidiī sublātā prōvocātiōne, intercessiōnem quoque cōnsēnsū sustulerant, cum priōrēs decemvirī appellātiōne collēgae corrigī reddita ab sē iūra tulissent et quaedam, quae suī iūdiciī vidērī possent, ad populum rēiēcissent.For besides the fact that there was no protection in the people, since appeal had been abolished, they had also by mutual agreement abolished intervention, whereas the previous decemvirs had allowed judgments given by themselves to be corrected by appeal to a colleague, and had referred to the people certain matters which might have seemed to fall within their own jurisdiction. Liv. 3.36.6Aliquamdiū aequātus inter omnēs terror fuit;For some time the terror was shared equally among all; Liv. 3.36.7paulātim tōtus vertere in plēbem coepit.little by little it began to turn wholly against the plebs. Liv. 3.36.7Abstinēbātur ā patribus;The senators were left alone; Liv. 3.36.7in humiliōrēs lubīdinōsē crūdēliterque cōnsulēbātur.against the humbler sort measures were taken wantonly and cruelly. Liv. 3.36.7Hominum, nōn causārum tōtī erant, ut apud quōs grātia vim aequī habēret.They were wholly for persons, not for causes, as men in whose eyes influence had the force of justice.

Liv. 3.36.8Iūdicia domī cōnflābant, prōnūntiābant in forō.They hammered out their judgments at home and pronounced them in the forum. Liv. 3.36.8Sī quis collēgam appellāsset, ab eō, ad quem vēnerat, ita discēdēbat, ut paenitēret nōn priōris dēcrētō stetisse.If anyone appealed to a colleague, he came away from the one he had gone to in such a state that he regretted not having abided by the first one's decree. Liv. 3.36.9Opīniō etiam sine auctōre exierat nōn in praesentis modo temporis eōs iniūriam cōnspīrāsse, sed foedus clandestīnum inter ipsōs iūre iūrandō ictum, nē comitia habērent perpetuōque decemvirātū possessum semel obtinērent imperium.A belief had also got abroad, though no one vouched for it, that they had conspired not only in injustice for the present time, but that a secret pact had been struck among them under oath not to hold elections, and by a perpetual decemvirate to keep the power they had once seized.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×4, ablative absolute ×3, indirect statement ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (192 words)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
persōna, -ae f.mask; character, role; personal standing
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
iam, adv.now, already
inde (adv.)from there; then
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
que, enclitic conj.and
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
priusquam, conj.before than, sooner than, before
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
fōrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshape, form, fashion
cottīdiē, adv.daily, every day
coeō, -īre, -iī, -itumcome together, assemble
removeō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove back, remove
arbiter, -trī m.judge, umpire
impotēns, -entispowerless; lacking self-control, wild
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
sēcrētō (adv.)privately, in secret
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
coquō, -ere, coxī, coctuscook; bake, fire (bricks)
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
dissimulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushide, disguise, pretend not to notice
superbia, -ae f.pride, arrogance
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
colloquor (conloquor), -ī, -locūtus sumtalk with, confer
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
Īdūs, -uum f. pl.the Ides (13th or 15th of the month)
Maius, -a, -umof May; Īdūs Māiae: the Ides of May
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
perdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead or bring through, lead, bring
tum, adv.then, at that time
sollemnis, -esolemn, ritual, customary
igitur, conj.therefore
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
honor, -ōris, m.honor
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
dēnūntiātiō, -ōnis f.warning, threat; announcement
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
nam, conj.for
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
decemvir, -ī m.member of a board of ten; (pl.) the decemvirs, here keepers of the Sibylline books
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
fascis, -is m.bundle; pl. fascēs: the rods and axe carried before a magistrate
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
īnsigne, -is n.badge, mark, decoration
rēgius, -a, -umroyal, kingly
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
omnis, -eall, every
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
cum, prep, with abl.with
duodēnī, -ae, -atwelve each, twelve at a time
prōdeō, -īre, prōdiī, prōditumgo forward, come out
centum, indecl. adj.one hundred
vīgintī, indecl. adj.twenty
līctor, -ōris m.lictor, an attendant carrying the rods (fascēs) before a magistrate
forum, -ī n.market place, public square
impleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētumfill; fulfil, complete
secūris, -is f.axe (the axes in the fasces, sign of Roman power)
illigō (inligō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusbind, fasten, tie up
praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātumput before, prefer (sē praeferre: show oneself superior)
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
attineō (adtineō), -ēre, -tinuī, -tentumhold fast; concern, matter (nihil attinet: it is no use, there is no point)
dēmō, -ere, dēmpsī, dēmptustake away, remove
sine, prep. with abl.without
prōvocātiō, -ōnis f.appeal (to the people against a magistrate's sentence)
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, appoint
interpretor, -ārī, -ātus sumexplain, interpret
decem, indecl. adj.ten
rēx, rēgis, m.king
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
multiplicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmultiply, increase; passive: multiply, become many
nōn, adv.not
īnfimus, -a, -umlowest (īnfimus collis: the foot of the hill)
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
sed, conj.but
prīmōrēs, -um m. pl.the leading men, the front rank
pater, patris, m.father
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
prīncipium, -ī n.beginning; prīncipiō, in the first place
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
memor, -orismindful, remembering (+ gen.)
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
senātus, -ūs m.senate
populus, -ī m.people, nation
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
virga, -ae f.rod, stick, staff
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
praeterquam (adv.)except, besides
quod, conj.that, in that, because
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
intercessiō, -ōnis f.veto (by a tribune)
quoque, adv.also
cōnsēnsus, -ūs, m.agreement, consent
appellātiō, -ōnis f.an appeal, address, chance to speak to someone
corrigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusstraighten, set right, reform
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
rēiciō, -ere, rēiēcī, rēiectumthrow back, drive back
aliquam diū (adv.)for some time
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
paulātim (adv.)little by little, gradually
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
abstineō, -ēre, abstinuī, abstentumkeep away, hold back (from)
humilis, -elow; humble, poor
libīdinōsē (adv.)wantonly, at whim
crūdēliter (adv.)cruelly
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
homō, hominis, m.man
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
cōnflō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusblow up, kindle; bring together, scrape together; stir up (hatred)
prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusproclaim, announce
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātuscall, name
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw, depart
paeniteō, -ēre, -uīcause regret; impersonal: it causes regret (to)
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
opīniō, -ōnis, f.opinion, expectation; reputation
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
exeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo out
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
modo, adv.only
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
cōnspīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumagree, plot together
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
clandestīnus, -a, -umsecret, hidden
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswear; iūs iūrandum, oath
īcō, -ere, īcī, ictusstrike, hit; foedus īcere: make a treaty
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
comitia, -ōrum n. pl.the assembly of the Roman people for voting; elections
perpetuus, -a, -umcontinuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever
decemvirātus, -ūs m.the office of decemvir, the decemvirate
possideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessushold, possess
semel (adv.)once (semel atque iterum: again and again)
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.