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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.37

Rome under the decemvirs' oppression

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Liv. 3.37.1Circumspectāre tum patriciōrum vultūs plēbēī et inde lībertātis captāre auram, unde servitūtem timendō in eum statum rem pūblicam addūxerant.Then the plebeians began to look round at the faces of the patricians and to catch at a breath of liberty from the very quarter from which, in their fear of slavery, they had brought the state into its present condition. Liv. 3.37.2Prīmōrēs patrum ōdisse decemvirōs, ōdisse plēbem;The leading senators hated the decemvirs and hated the plebs; Liv. 3.37.2nec probāre, quae fierent, et crēdere haud indignīs accidere;they did not approve of what was being done, yet believed that it was happening to those who had deserved it; Liv. 3.37.2avidē ruendō ad lībertātem in servitūtem ēlāpsōs iuvāre nōlle, cumulārī quoque iniūriās, ut taediō praesentium cōnsulēs duo tandem et status prīstinus rērum in dēsīderium veniant.they were unwilling to help men who, rushing greedily towards liberty, had slipped into slavery; they even wanted the wrongs heaped up, so that through weariness of the present the two consuls and the former state of affairs might at last come to be longed for.

Liv. 3.37.4Iam et prōcesserat pars maior annī, et duae tabulae lēgum ad priōris annī decem tabulās erant adiectae, nec quicquam iam supererat, sī eae quoque lēgēs centuriātīs comitiīs perlātae essent, cūr eō magistrātū reī pūblicae opus esset.By now the greater part of the year had gone by, and two tablets of laws had been added to the ten tablets of the year before, and nothing was left, once these laws too had been carried in the centuriate assembly, to explain why the state should need that magistracy. Liv. 3.37.5Expectābant, quam mox cōnsulibus creandīs comitia ēdīcerentur.Men were waiting to see how soon elections would be proclaimed for the choice of consuls. Liv. 3.37.5Id modo plēbēs agitābat, quōnam modō tribūniciam potestātem, mūnīmentum lībertātī, rem intermissam reparārent, cum interim mentiō comitiōrum nūlla fierī.The plebs was considering only this, by what means they might restore the tribunes' power, the bulwark of liberty, a thing now in abeyance, while meanwhile no mention of elections was made. Liv. 3.37.6Et decemvirī, quī prīmō tribūniciōs hominēs, quia id populāre habēbātur, circum sē ostentāverant plēbēī, patriciīs iuvenibus saepserant latera.And the decemvirs, who at first had shown themselves to the plebs surrounded by former tribunes, because that was thought popular, had now fenced their flanks with young patricians.

Liv. 3.37.6Eōrum catervae tribūnālia obsēderant.Gangs of these had besieged the tribunals. Liv. 3.37.7Hī ferre agere plēbem plēbisque rēs, cum fortūna, quidquid cupītum foret, potentiōris esset.These men plundered the plebs and the plebs' goods, since fortune favoured the more powerful in whatever had been coveted. Liv. 3.37.8Et iam nē tergō quidem abstinēbātur: virgīs caedī, aliī secūrī subicī, et, nē grātuīta crūdēlitās esset, bonōrum dōnātiō sequī dominī supplicium.And by now not even backs were spared: some were beaten with rods, others put under the axe, and, so that the cruelty should not go unrewarded, the gift of the owner's goods followed his punishment. Liv. 3.37.8Hāc mercēde iuventūs nōbilis corrupta nōn modo nōn īre obviam iniūriae, sed prōpalam licentiam suam mālle quam omnium lībertātem.Corrupted by this payment, the young nobles not only failed to oppose wrongdoing, but openly preferred their own licence to the liberty of all.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×3, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (139 words)
circumspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook round (at), keep looking about; watch for
tum, adv.then, at that time
patricius, -ī m.patrician, member of the old Roman nobility
vultus, -ūs m.face, expression
plēbēius, -a, -umof the common people, plebeian; common, vulgar
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
inde (adv.)from there; then
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
captō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry to catch, grasp at, aim at
aura, -ae, f.air, breeze
unde, adv.whence
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
status, -ūs m.condition, state
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
prīmōrēs, -um m. pl.the leading men, the front rank
pater, patris, m.father
ōdī, ōdisse, used only in tenses of completed action with the force of tenses of incomplete actionhate
decemvir, -ī m.member of a board of ten; (pl.) the decemvirs, here keepers of the Sibylline books
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
avidē (adv.)eagerly, greedily
ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrusrush
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ēlābor, -lābī, -lāpsus sumslip away, escape
iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtumhelp
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
cumulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusheap up; crown, cap (one deed with another)
quoque, adv.also
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
taedium, -ī n.weariness, disgust
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
prīstinus, -a, -umformer
dēsīderium, -ī, n.desire, longing
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
iam, adv.now, already
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
annus, -ī, m.year
tabula, -ae f.tablet, written list
lēx, lēgis f.law
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
decem, indecl. adj.ten
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
sī, conj.if
centuriātus, -a, -umdivided into centuries; comitia centuriāta: the assembly voting by centuries
comitia, -ōrum n. pl.the assembly of the Roman people for voting; elections
perferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear through, bear, endure; weather
cūr, adv.why
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
opus, operis, n.work, task
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
mox, adv.soon
creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuselect, appoint
ēdīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictusdeclare, proclaim, appoint
modo, adv.only
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
quōnam (adv.)by what way, how ever; quōnam modō: how ever, in what way
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
tribūnicius, -a, -umof a tribune; tribūnicia potestās: the tribunes' power
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
mūnīmentum, -ī n.defence, barrier
intermittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missusleave off, interrupt; let pass; pass., be left between, intervene, elapse
reparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusrestore, make good; get in exchange
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
interim (adv.)meanwhile
mentiō, -ōnis, f.mention
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
prīmō, adv.at first
homō, hominis, m.man
quia (conj.)because
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
circum, prep. with acc.around
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ostentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshow, display; show off
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
saepiō, -īre, saepsī, saeptusfence in, enclose; protect
latus, lateris n.side, flank
caterva, -ae f.crowd, band, troop
tribūnal, -ālis n.platform, tribunal (where a magistrate sat to judge)
obsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessusoccupy, take possession of, beset
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
que, enclitic conj.and
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid)whoever, whatever
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
potēns, -entispowerful
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
tergum, -ī, n.back
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
abstineō, -ēre, abstinuī, abstentumkeep away, hold back (from)
virga, -ae f.rod, stick, staff
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
secūris, -is f.axe (the axes in the fasces, sign of Roman power)
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
grātuītus, -a, -umfree, without reward, for nothing
crūdēlitās, -ātis f.cruelty
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
dōnātiō, -ōnis f.a giving, gift, donation
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
supplicium, -ī, n.punishment, torture
mercēs, mercēdis, f.pay, reward, wages
iuventūs, -ūtis f.youth; the young men
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
corrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusspoil, ruin, destroy; bribe
nōn, adv.not
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
sed, conj.but
prōpalam (adv.)openly, publicly
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
omnis, -eall, every
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.