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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.28

The Aequi pass under the yoke

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Liv. 3.28.1Ibi dictātor, quantum nocte prōspicī poterat, equō circumvectus contemplātusque, quī tractus castrōrum quaeque fōrma esset, tribūnīs mīlitum imperāvit, ut sarcinās in ūnum conicī iubeant, mīlitem cum armīs vallōque redīre in ōrdinēs suōs.There the dictator, after riding round and observing, as far as could be seen by night, what the extent and shape of the camp was, ordered the military tribunes to have the packs thrown together in one heap and the soldiers return to their ranks with their arms and stakes. Liv. 3.28.1Facta quae imperāvit.His orders were carried out. Liv. 3.28.1Tum, quō fuerant ōrdine in viā, exercitum omnem longō agmine circumdat hostium castrīs et, ubi signum datum sit, clamōrem omnēs tollere iubet, clamōre sublātō ante sē quemque dūcere fossam et iacere vallum.Then, in the order they had kept on the march, he surrounds the enemy's camp with his whole army in a long column and orders that, when the signal was given, all should raise a shout, and, the shout raised, each man should dig a trench in front of himself and throw up a rampart.

Liv. 3.28.3Ēditō imperiō signum secūtum est.The order given, the signal followed. Liv. 3.28.3Iussa mīles exsequitur.The soldiers carry out their orders. Liv. 3.28.3Clamor hostēs circumsonat;The shout echoes round the enemy; Liv. 3.28.3superat inde castra hostium et in castra cōnsulis venit;then it passes over the enemy's camp and reaches the consul's camp; Liv. 3.28.4alibī pavōrem, alibī gaudium ingēns facit.in one place it causes panic, in the other great joy. Liv. 3.28.4Rōmānī cīvīlem esse clamōrem atque auxilium adesse inter sē grātulantēs ultrō ex statiōnibus ac vigiliīs territant hostem.The Romans, congratulating one another that it was the shout of fellow-citizens and that help was at hand, take the initiative in alarming the enemy from their posts and watches. Liv. 3.28.5Cōnsul differendum negat: illō clamōre nōn adventum modo significārī, sed rem ab suīs coeptam;The consul says there must be no delay: that shout signified not only their arrival but that their comrades had begun the action; Liv. 3.28.5mīrumque esse, nī iam exteriōre parte castra hostium oppugnentur.and it would be a wonder if the enemy's camp were not already being assaulted on its outer side.

Liv. 3.28.6Itaque arma suōs capere et sē subsequī iubet.So he orders his men to take up arms and follow him. Liv. 3.28.6Nocte initum proelium est;Battle was joined by night; Liv. 3.28.6legiōnibus dictātōris clamōre significant ab eā quoque parte rem in discrīmine esse.with a shout they signal to the dictator's legions that on that side too the issue had come to the crisis. Liv. 3.28.7Iam sē ad prohibenda circumdarī opera Aequī parābant, cum ab interiōre hoste proeliō coeptō, nē per media sua castra fieret ēruptiō, ā mūnientibus ad pugnantēs intrōrsum versī vacuam noctem operī dedēre;The Aequi were already preparing to prevent the works being drawn around them, when, as battle was begun by the enemy within, they turned inwards from the builders of the works to those fighting, lest a sally be made through the middle of their camp, and left the night free for the work; Liv. 3.28.7pugnātumque cum cōnsule ad lūcem est.and the fight with the consul went on until daylight. Liv. 3.28.8Lūce prīmā iam circumvallātī ab dictātōre erant et vix adversus ūnum exercitum pugnam sustinēbant.At first light they were already walled in by the dictator, and were scarcely holding out in the fight against one army.

Liv. 3.28.8Tum ā Quīnctiānō exercitū, quī cōnfestim ā perfectō opere ad arma rediit, invāditur vallum.Then their rampart is attacked by the army of Quinctius, which had returned to arms at once on finishing the work. Liv. 3.28.8Hīc īnstābat nova pugna;Here a new battle was pressing upon them; Liv. 3.28.8illa nihil remīserat prior.the earlier one had in no way slackened. Liv. 3.28.9Tum ancipitī malō urgente ā proeliō ad precēs versī hinc dictātōrem, hinc cōnsulem ōrāre, nē in occīdiōne victōriam pōnerent, ut inermēs sē inde abīre sinerent.Then, with danger pressing on two sides, they turned from fighting to entreaties, and begged the dictator on one side and the consul on the other not to make their victory consist in a massacre, but to let them depart from there unarmed. Liv. 3.28.9Ab cōnsule ad dictātōrem īre iussī;They were told by the consul to go to the dictator; Liv. 3.28.9is ignōminiam īnfēnsus addidit: Gracchum Cloelium ducem prīncipēsque aliōs vinctōs ad sē addūcī iubet, oppidō Corbiōne dēcēdī.he in his anger added disgrace: he orders Gracchus Cloelius, their leader, and the other chief men to be brought to him in chains, and the town of Corbio to be evacuated.

Liv. 3.28.10Sanguinis sē Aequōrum nōn egēre;He had no need, he said, of the blood of the Aequi; Liv. 3.28.10licēre abīre;they might go; Liv. 3.28.10sed, ut exprimātur tandem cōnfessiō subāctam domitamque esse gentem, sub iugum abitūrōs.but, so that an admission might at last be wrung from them that their nation was subdued and tamed, they would go under the yoke. Liv. 3.28.11Tribus hastīs iugum fit humī fīxīs duābus superque eās trānsversā ūnā dēligātā.A yoke is made of three spears, two fixed in the ground and one tied across on top of them. Liv. 3.28.11Sub hoc iugum dictātor Aequōs mīsit.Under this yoke the dictator sent the Aequi.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×2, indirect statement ×2, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (182 words)
ibi, adv.in that place, there
dictātor, -ōris m.dictator, a magistrate given supreme power in an emergency
quantum, adv.how much? how?
nox, noctis, f.night
prōspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook ahead, provide for (+ dat.)
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
equus, -ī, m.horse
circumvehor, -vehī, -vectus sumride around
contemplor, -ārī, -ātus sumlook at closely, gaze at, contemplate
que, enclitic conj.and
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
tractus, -ūs m.a drawing out; stretch, extent; line (of trees)
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
cum, prep, with abl.with
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
vallus, -ī m.stake, palisade post
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
tum, adv.then, at that time
via, -ae, f.road, way
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
omnis, -eall, every
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -datusput around, surround
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
fossa, -ae, f.ditch, trench
iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactusthrow, cast, hurl
vallum, -ī n.rampart, palisade
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
iussum, -ī, n.order, command
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
circumsonō, -āreresound around, fill with noise; surround with noise
superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusovercome, defeat, conquer
inde (adv.)from there; then
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
alibī (adv.)elsewhere; alius alibi: some in one place, some in another
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
gaudium, -ī, n.gladness, joy
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
grātulor, -ārī, -ātus sumcongratulate
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
territō, -ārekeep frightening
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātumdiffer; scatter, put off
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
nōn, adv.not
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
modo, adv.only
significō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshow, indicate, signal
sed, conj.but
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
mīrus, -a, -umwonderful, strange
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
iam, adv.now, already
exterior, -iusouter, outside, exterior
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
subsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumfollow closely
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quoque, adv.also
discrīmen, -crīminis, n.crisis, peril, danger
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
prohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold back, prevent, hinder
opus, operis, n.work, task
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
interior, -ius, adj.interior, inner
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
ēruptiō, -ōnis f.sally, sortie
mūniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfortify
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
intrōrsum (intrōrsus) (adv.)inwards; inside, within
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
vacuus, -a, -umempty
lūx, lūcis, f.light
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
circumvallō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussurround with siege works, blockade
vix, adv.with difficulty, scarcely, hardly, barely
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
Quīnctiānus, -a, -umof Quinctius, Quinctian
cōnfestim (adv.)at once, immediately
perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo or make through, accomplish
invādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo into, attack, seize; come upon
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend back; give up, remit
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
prex, precis f. (usu. pl.)prayer, entreaty
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusspeak; beg, pray
occīdiō, -ōnis f.massacre, extermination; occīdiōne occīdere: wipe out utterly
victōria, -ae, f.victory
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
inermis, -eunarmed
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situsallow, permit, let
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
ignōminia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
īnfēnsus, -a, -umhostile, angry (with: dat.)
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
vinciō, vincīre, vinxī, vinctusbind
addūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead to, bring, take; induce, influence
oppidum, -ī, n.town
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl. or gen.)need, lack, be in want of
licet, -ēre, -uit or -itum est, impers.is lawful or permitted
exprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress out
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
cōnfessiō, -ōnis f.confession, admission
subigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctusbring under, subdue; force, compel
domō, -āre, -uī, -itustame, subdue, master
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
hasta, -ae f.spear
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxusfix, fasten, plant firmly
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
trānsversus, -a, -umrunning across, crosswise
dēligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtie, fasten, moor
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.