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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.2

Fabius and the faithless Aequi

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Liv. 3.2.1Q. Servīlius īnsequentī annō — is enim cum Sp. Postumiō cōnsul fuit — in Aequōs missus in Latīnō agrō statīva habuit.The following year Quintus Servilius — for he was consul with Spurius Postumius — was sent against the Aequi and kept a standing camp in Latin territory. Liv. 3.2.1Quiēs necessāria morbō inplicitum exercitum tenuit.An enforced inactivity held the army, which was gripped by disease. Liv. 3.2.2Extrāctum in tertium annum bellum est Q. Fabiō et T. Quīnctiō cōnsulibus.The war was dragged out into a third year, when Quintus Fabius and Titus Quinctius were consuls. Liv. 3.2.2Fabiō extrā ōrdinem, quia is victor pācem Aequīs dederat, ea prōvincia data.That command was given to Fabius out of the regular order, because as victor he had granted the Aequi peace. Liv. 3.2.3Quī haud dubiā spē profectus fāmam nōminis suī pācātūram Aequōs, lēgātōs in concilium gentis missōs nūntiāre iussit Q. Fabium cōnsulem dīcere, sē ex Aequīs pācem Rōmam tulisse, ab Rōmā Aequīs bellum adferre eādem dexterā armātā, quam pācātam illīs anteā dederat.He set out in no doubtful hope that the fame of his name would bring the Aequi to peace, and he ordered envoys sent to the council of the nation to announce that the consul Quintus Fabius declared that he had brought peace from the Aequi to Rome, and was bringing war from Rome to the Aequi with the same right hand, now armed, which he had earlier given them in peace.

Liv. 3.2.4Quōrum id perfidiā et periūriō fīat, deōs nunc testēs esse, mox fore ultōrēs.By whose treachery and perjury this was happening, the gods were now witnesses and would soon be avengers. Liv. 3.2.4Sē tamen, utcumque sit, etiam nunc paenitēre suā sponte Aequōs quam patī hostīlia mālle.Yet he, however that might be, would even now prefer the Aequi to repent of their own accord rather than suffer the treatment of enemies. Liv. 3.2.5Sī paeniteat, tūtum receptum ad expertam clēmentiam fore;If they repented, there would be a safe refuge in the clemency they had already experienced; Liv. 3.2.5sīn periūriō gaudeant, dīs magis īrātīs quam hostibus gestūrōs bellum.but if they delighted in perjury, they would be waging war with the angry gods more than with their enemies. Liv. 3.2.6Haec dicta adeō nihil mōvērunt quemquam, ut lēgātī prope violātī sint, exercitusque in Algidum adversus Rōmānōs missus.These words so utterly failed to move anyone that the envoys were almost assaulted, and an army was sent to Algidus against the Romans. Liv. 3.2.7Quae ubi Rōmam sunt nūntiāta, indignitās reī magis quam perīculum cōnsulem alterum ab urbe excīvit.When this was reported at Rome, the outrage of the thing rather than the danger called the other consul out from the city.

Liv. 3.2.7Ita duo cōnsulārēs exercitūs ad hostem accessēre aciē īnstrūctā, ut cōnfestim dīmicārent.So two consular armies approached the enemy in battle order, to fight at once. Liv. 3.2.8Sed cum forte haud multum diēī superesset, ūnus ab statiōne hostium exclāmat: "ostentāre hoc est, Rōmānī, nōn gerere bellum.But since, as it happened, not much of the day remained, one man from the enemy outpost shouted: 'This is making a show of war, Romans, not waging it. Liv. 3.2.9In noctem inminentem aciem īnstruitis;You draw up your battle line with night coming on; Liv. 3.2.9longiōre lūce ad id certāmen, quod īnstat, nōbīs opus est.we need a longer daylight for the contest that lies ahead. Liv. 3.2.9Crāstinō diē oriente sōle redīte in aciem;Come back into line tomorrow at sunrise; Liv. 3.2.9erit cōpia pugnandī;there will be a chance to fight; Liv. 3.2.9nē timēte."do not be afraid.' Liv. 3.2.10Hīs vōcibus inrītātus mīles in diem posterum in castra redūcitur longam venīre noctem ratus, quae moram certāminī faceret.Provoked by these words, the soldiers were led back to camp until the next day, thinking that a long night was coming which would delay the contest. Liv. 3.2.10Tum quidem corpora cibō somnōque cūrant;Then indeed they refreshed their bodies with food and sleep; Liv. 3.2.10ubi inlūxit posterō diē, prior aliquantō cōnstitit Rōmāna aciēs;when day dawned the next morning, the Roman line took its stand a good while earlier; Liv. 3.2.10tandem et Aequī prōcessēre.at last the Aequi too came forward.

Liv. 3.2.11Proelium fit utrimque vehemēns, quod et Rōmānus īrā odiōque pugnābat, et Aequōs cōnscientia contrāctī culpā perīculī et dēspērātiō futūrae sibi posteā fideī ultima audēre et experīrī cōgēbat.The battle was fierce on both sides, because the Romans fought with anger and hatred, and the Aequi were driven to dare and to attempt the utmost by the consciousness of a danger brought on by their own fault and by despair of ever being trusted afterwards. Liv. 3.2.12Nōn tamen sustinuēre aciem Rōmānam Aequī;Still, the Aequi did not withstand the Roman line; Liv. 3.2.12pulsīque cum in fīnēs suōs sē recēpissent, nihilō inclīnātiōribus ad pācem animīs ferōx multitūdō increpāre ducēs, quod in aciem, quā pugnandī arte Rōmānus excellat, commissa rēs sit;and when, beaten, they had retreated into their own territory, the fierce multitude, with minds no more inclined to peace, abused their leaders because the matter had been committed to a pitched battle, a style of fighting in which the Romans excelled; Liv. 3.2.12Aequōs populātiōnibus incursiōnibusque meliōrēs esse, et multās passim manūs quam magnam mōlem ūnīus exercitūs rēctius bella gerere.the Aequi, they said, were better at raids and incursions, and many bands here and there waged war more properly than the great mass of a single army.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×5, purpose clauses ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (199 words)
quīntus, -a, -umfifth
īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow upon or up, pursue
annus, -ī, m.year
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
enim, conj.for
cum, prep, with abl.with
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
Latīnus, -a, -umLatin
ager, agri, m.field, land
statīva, -ōrum n. pl.a standing camp, permanent camp
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
necessārius, -a, -um; as noun, -ī m.necessary, critical; (noun) close friend, relative
morbus, -ī m.sickness, disease
implicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusentangle, entwine; involve
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
extrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctusdraw or drag out, release, rescue
tertius, -a, -umthird
bellum, -ī, n.war
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
extrā (prep. + acc.)outside, beyond
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
quia (conj.)because
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
pāx, pācis f.peace
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
spēs, speī, f.hope
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
pācō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumsubdue, pacify
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
concilium, -ī n.meeting, council
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreport, announce
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
armātus, -a, -umarmed
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
anteā, adv.before
perfidia, -ae f.treachery, bad faith
periūrium, -ī n.perjury, a false oath
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
deus, -ī, m.god
nunc, adv.now
testis, -is m./f.witness
mox, adv.soon
ultor, -ōris m.avenger
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
utcumque (adv., conj.)however, in whatever way
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
paenitet, -ēre, -uit (impers.)it repents, it grieves (paenitet mē: I regret, I am sorry)
sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meā, tuā, suāof one's own accord, voluntarily
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
hostīlis, -eof the enemy, hostile
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
sī, conj.if
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
receptus, -ūs m.retreat; place of retreat
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
experior, -īrī, expertus sumtry, test, experience
clēmentia, -ae, f.mercy, kindness
sīn (conj.)but if
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
dictum, -ī n.word, order (dictō audiēns: obedient)
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
violō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusharm, violate
que, enclitic conj.and
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
indignitās, -ātis f.humiliation, indignity
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
urbs, urbis, f.city
exciō, -īre, -cīvī, -citusrouse, stir up; summon
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
cōnfestim (adv.)at once, immediately
dīmicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfight
sed, conj.but
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
multum, -ī, n.much
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
exclāmō, -clāmāre, -clāmāvī, -clāmātuscry out, exclaim
ostentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshow, display; show off
nōn, adv.not
nox, noctis, f.night
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
lūx, lūcis, f.light
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
nōsplur. of ego
opus, operis, n.work, task
crāstinus, -a, -umof tomorrow; in crāstinum (diem): on the next day
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
irrītō (inrītō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusprovoke, rouse, anger, excite
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
redūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead or bring back; restore
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
mora, -ae, f.delay
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
tum, adv.then, at that time
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
corpus, corporis, n.body
cibus, -ī, m.food
somnus, -ī, m.sleep, drowsiness
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
illūcēscō (inlūcēscō), -ere, -lūxīgrow light, dawn
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
utrimque, adv.on either side or both sides
vehemēns, -entisviolent, forceful, severe
quod, conj.that, in that, because
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
odium, -ī, n.hatred
cōnscientia, -ae f.awareness; consciousness of guilt, guilty conscience
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
culpa, -ae f.fault, blame
dēspērātiō, -ōnis f.despair, hopelessness
posteā, adv.after this, afterwards
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
nihilum, -ī n.nothing; nihilō sētius: none the less
inclīnātus, -a, -uminclined, disposed (to), leaning
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
ars, artis, f.art
excellō, -erebe superior, excel
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
populātiō, -ōnis f.plundering, ravaging
incursiō, -ōnis f.raid, attack
bonus, -a, -umgood
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
manus, -ūs, f.hand
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
mōlēs, -is f.mass; dam, breakwater
rēctē (adv.)rightly, properly; safely
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.