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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.41

A skirmish and Hannibal's trap

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Liv. 22.41.1Cēterum temeritātī cōnsulis ac praeproperō ingeniō māteriam etiam fortūna dedit, quod in prohibendīs praedātōribus tumultuāriō proeliō ac prōcursū magis mīlitum quam ex praeparātō aut iussū imperātōrum ortō haudquāquam pār Poenīs dīmicātiō fuit.But fortune too gave material to the consul's rashness and over-hasty temperament, because in driving off plunderers, in a disorderly battle that arose from a rush of the soldiers rather than by design or the generals' orders, the fight was by no means equal for the Carthaginians. Liv. 22.41.2Ad mīlle et septingentī caesī nōn plūs centum Rōmānōrum sociōrumque occīsīs.About one thousand seven hundred were cut down, while no more than a hundred of the Romans and allies were killed. Liv. 22.41.2Cēterum victōribus effūsē sequentibus metū īnsidiārum obstitit Paulus cōnsul, cuius eō diē — nam alternīs imperitābant — imperium erat, Varrōne indignante ac vōciferante ēmissum hostem ē manibus dēbellārīque, nī cessātum foret, potuisse.But as the victors pursued in disorder, the consul Paulus, whose command it was that day — for they held command on alternate days — stopped them for fear of an ambush, while Varro raged and shouted that the enemy had been let slip from their hands and that the war could have been finished had they not held back.

Liv. 22.41.3Hannibal id damnum haud aegerrimē patī;Hannibal did not take that loss very hard; Liv. 22.41.4quīn potius crēdere velut inēscātam temeritātem ferōciōris cōnsulis ac novōrum maximē mīlitum esse.rather he believed that the rashness of the more headstrong consul, and of the new soldiers above all, had been, as it were, baited. Liv. 22.41.5Et omnia eī hostium haud secus quam sua nota erant: dissimilēs discordēsque imperitāre, duās prope partēs tīrōnum mīlitum in exercitū esse.And everything about the enemy was as well known to him as his own affairs: that men unlike each other and at odds were in command, and that nearly two thirds of the army were raw recruits. Liv. 22.41.6Itaque locum et tempus īnsidiīs aptum sē habēre ratus, nocte proximā nihil praeter arma ferente sēcum mīlite castra plēna omnis fortūnae pūblicae prīvātaeque relinquit trānsque proximōs montīs laevā peditēs īnstrūctōs condit, dextrā equitēs, impedīmenta per convallem mediam trādūcit, ut dīripiendīs velut dēsertīs fugā dominōrum castrīs occupātum impedītumque hostem opprimeret.So, thinking that he had a place and time suited to an ambush, the next night, with his soldiers carrying nothing but their arms, he leaves a camp full of every kind of property, public and private, and beyond the nearest mountains he hides the infantry drawn up on the left, the cavalry on the right, and leads the baggage across through the middle of the valley, so that he might overwhelm the enemy while they were busy and encumbered with plundering a camp seemingly abandoned by the flight of its owners.

Liv. 22.41.9Crēbrī relictī in castrīs ignēs, ut fidēs fieret, dum ipse longius spatium fugā praeciperet, falsā imāgine castrōrum, sīcut Fabium priōre annō frūstrātus esset, tenēre in locīs cōnsulēs voluisse.Numerous fires were left in the camp, to create the belief that he had wanted to hold the consuls in their positions by a false semblance of a camp, as he had tricked Fabius the year before, while he himself gained a longer start in his flight.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, ablative absolute ×2, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (143 words)
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
praeproperus, -a, -umover-hasty, precipitate
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
māteria, -ae f.timber, material
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
quod, conj.that, in that, because
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
prohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold back, prevent, hinder
praedātor, -ōris m.plunderer, robber
tumultuārius, -a, -umhastily raised, scratch (of troops)
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
prōcursus, -ūs m.running forward, onrush, charge
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
praeparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprepare beforehand
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
iussus, -ūs, m.bidding, command
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
haudquāquam, adv.in no wise, not at all
pār, parisequal
dīmicātiō, -ōnis f.fight, struggle, combat
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
septingentī, -ae, -aseven hundred
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
nōn, adv.not
plūs (adv.)more
centum, indecl. adj.one hundred
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
que, enclitic conj.and
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
effūsē (adv.)far and wide, without restraint
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
obstō, -stāre, -stitīstand in the way, block, oppose (+ dat.)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
nam, conj.for
alternus, -a, -umone after the other, alternating
imperitō, -āre, -āvīrule over, command (+ dat.)
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
indignor, -ārī, -ātus sumbe indignant, resent
vōciferor, -ārī, -ātus sumshout, cry out loudly
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend out or forth
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
manus, -ūs, f.hand
dēbellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfight to the finish; subdue completely
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstop, cease, rest; be idle
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
damnum, -ī, n.harm, injury
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
potius (adv.)rather
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
veluteven or just as, as
inēscō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslure with bait, entice, ensnare
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
omnis, -eall, every
secus (prep. + acc.)beside, along
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
dissimilis, -eunlike, different
discors, -cordisdiscordant, not in harmony
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
tīrō, -ōnis m.a recruit, a raw soldier
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
nox, noctis, f.night
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
plēnus, -a, -umfull
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
trāns, prep. with acc.across, over
mōns, montis, m.mountain
laevus, -a, -umleft; ad laevam (manum): on the left
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
condō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput together, found; store away
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
impedīmentum, -ī n.hindrance; (pl.) baggage
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
convallis, -is f.enclosed valley
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
trādūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead across
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
dīripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptumplunder
dēsertus, -a, -umdeserted
fuga, -ae, f.flight
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress against, overpower, crush
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
ignis, -is, m.fire
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake beforehand, anticipate; order, charge
falsus, -a, -umfeigned, pretended, false
imāgō, -inis f.likeness, image, portrait
sīcut (conj.)just as
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
annus, -ī, m.year
frūstror, -ārī, -ātus sumdeceive, disappoint; tē ipsum frūstrāberis: you will cheat yourself
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
volō, velle, voluīwish
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.