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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.38

The new oath and the consuls' speeches

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Liv. 22.38.1Dīlēctū perfectō cōnsulēs paucōs morātī diēs, dum ab sociīs ac nōmine Latīnō venīrent mīlitēs.When the levy was complete, the consuls waited a few days while soldiers came from the allies and those of Latin status. Liv. 22.38.2Tum quod numquam anteā factum erat, iūre iūrandō ab tribūnīs mīlitum adāctī mīlitēs;Then, something which had never been done before, the soldiers were bound by an oath administered by the military tribunes; Liv. 22.38.3nam ad eam diem nihil praeter sacrāmentum fuerat, iussū cōnsulum conventūrōs neque iniussū abitūrōs, et ubi ad decuriātum aut centuriātum convēnissent, suā voluntāte ipsī inter sēsē decuriātī equitēs, centuriātī peditēs coniūrābant sēsē fugae atque formīdinis ergō nōn abitūrōs neque ex ōrdine recessūrōs nisi tēlī sūmendī aut aptandī et aut hostis feriendī aut cīvis servandī causā.for until that day there had been nothing but the military oath to assemble at the consuls' command and not to leave without orders; and when they had assembled to be formed into decuries or centuries, of their own will the cavalry in their decuries and the infantry in their centuries swore among themselves that they would not leave for the sake of flight or fear, nor withdraw from the ranks except to take up or fit a weapon, and either to strike an enemy or to save a fellow citizen.

Liv. 22.38.5Id ex voluntāriō inter ipsōs foedere ad tribūnōs ac lēgitimam iūris iūrandī adāctiōnem trānslātum.This was transferred from a voluntary compact among themselves to the tribunes and a legal administering of the oath. Liv. 22.38.6Contiōnēs priusquam ab urbe signa movērentur, cōnsulis Varrōnis multae ac ferōcēs fuēre, dēnūntiantis bellum arcessītum in Ītaliam ab nōbilibus mānsūrumque in visceribus reī pūblicae, sī plūrēs Fabiōs imperātōrēs habēret, sē, quō diē hostem vīdisset, perfectūrum.Before the standards moved from the city, the speeches of the consul Varro were many and fierce, declaring that the war had been invited into Italy by the nobles and would remain in the vitals of the state if it had more generals like Fabius; he himself would finish it on the day he saw the enemy. Liv. 22.38.7Collēgae eius Paulī ūna, prīdiē quam ab urbe proficīscerētur, cōntiō fuit, vērior quam grātior populō, quā nihil inclēmenter in Varrōnem dictum nisi id modo, mīrārī sē, quī dux, priusquam aut suum aut hostium exercitum, locōrum situm, nātūram regiōnis nōsset iam nunc togātus in urbe scīret, quae sibi agenda armātō forent, et diem quoque praedīcere posset, quā cum hoste signīs collātīs esset dīmicātūrus: sē, quae cōnsilia magis rēs dent hominibus quam hominēs rēbus ea ante tempus inmātūra nōn praeceptūrum;His colleague Paulus made a single speech, on the day before he set out from the city, more true than pleasing to the people, in which nothing harsh was said against Varro except only this, that he wondered how a general, before he knew either his own army or the enemy's, the lie of the land or the nature of the region, could already know now, while still in his toga in the city, what he would have to do when in arms, and could even foretell the day on which he would fight a pitched battle with the enemy: he himself would not lay down beforehand, before the time, unripe plans, plans which circumstances give to men rather than men to circumstances; Liv. 22.38.11optāre, ut, quae cautē ac cōnsultē gesta essent, satis prosperē ēvenīrent;he hoped that what was done cautiously and with deliberation would turn out successfully enough; Liv. 22.38.12temeritātem, praeterquam quod stulta sit īnfēlīcem etiam ad id locōrum fuisse.rashness, besides being foolish, had also been unlucky up to that point.

Liv. 22.38.13Suā sponte appārēbat tūta celeribus cōnsiliīs praepositūrum, et, quō id cōnstantius persevērāret, Q. Fabius Maximus sīc eum proficīscentem adlocūtus fertur:It was evident that of his own accord he would put safe courses before hasty ones, and, so that he might persist in this the more steadfastly, Quintus Fabius Maximus is said to have addressed him thus as he set out:

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×7, indirect statement ×1, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (156 words)
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo or make through, accomplish
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
moror, -ārī, -ātusdelay, linger, stay
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
Latīnus, -a, -umLatin
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
tum, adv.then, at that time
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
numquam, adv.never
anteā, adv.before
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswear; iūs iūrandum, oath
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
adigō, -ere, adēgī, adāctumdrive, hurl (a weapon) to
nam, conj.for
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
sacrāmentum, -ī n.military oath (of allegiance)
iussus, -ūs, m.bidding, command
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
iniussū (abl. only)without the order (of)
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
decuriātus, -ūs m.division into decuries (groups of ten)
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
centuriātus, -a, -umdivided into centuries; comitia centuriāta: the assembly voting by centuries
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
voluntās, -tātis, f.wish, will
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
coniūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumswear together, conspire
fuga, -ae, f.flight
formīdō, -inis f.fear, dread; something to be dreaded
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
nōn, adv.not
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
nisi, conj.if not, unless
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptustake under or up, take; poenam sūmere, to exact or inflict punishment
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfit, adjust, make ready
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
feriō, -īrestrike, hit
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
voluntārius, -a, -umwilling; (m. pl. as noun) volunteers
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
lēgitimus, -a, -umlawful, legal, prescribed by law
adāctiō, -ōnis f.compelling; iūris iūrandī adāctiō: administering of an oath
trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātuscarry across, transfer
cōntiō, -ōnis f.assembly, meeting; speech to an assembly
priusquam, conj.before than, sooner than, before
urbs, urbis, f.city
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
dēnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumannounce, declare; warn
bellum, -ī, n.war
arcessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītuscall, summon, fetch
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
que, enclitic conj.and
viscus, -eris n. (usu. pl. viscera)inner organs, vitals; the heart, the core
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
sī, conj.if
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
prīdiē (adv.)the day before
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
populus, -ī m.people, nation
inclēmenter (adv.)harshly, severely
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
modo, adv.only
mīror, -ārī, -ātuswonder, wonder at
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
situs, -a, -umplaced, situated
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
nōscō, -ere, nōvī, nōtumget to know (perf. nōvī: know)
iam, adv.now, already
nunc, adv.now
togātus, -a, -umwearing the toga; Gallia togata: Gaul this side of the Alps, whose people had Roman citizenship
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
armō, -āre, -āvi, -ātusarm, equip
quoque, adv.also
praedīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictussay beforehand, foretell, predict
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
cum, prep, with abl.with
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
dīmicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfight
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
homō, hominis, m.man
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
immātūrus, -a, -umunripe; too early, untimely
praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake beforehand, anticipate; order, charge
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
cautē (adv.)carefully, cautiously
cōnsultē (adv.)deliberately, with forethought
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
prosperē (adv.)successfully, favourably
ēveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome out; turn out, happen, befall
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
praeterquam (adv.)except, besides
quod, conj.that, in that, because
stultus, -a, -umfoolish, stupid
īnfēlīx, -fēlīcis, adj.unhappy, unfortunate
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meā, tuā, suāof one's own accord, voluntarily
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
celer, celeris, celereswift, quick
praepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positumput in command of
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
cōnstanter (adv.)steadily, consistently
persevērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpersist
quīntus, -a, -umfifth
sīc, adv.so, thus
alloquor (adloquor), -loquī, -locūtus sumspeak to, address
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.