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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.19

Naval battle at the Ebro

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Liv. 22.19.1Prīncipiō aestātis, quā haec gerēbantur, in Hispāniā quoque terrā marīque coeptum bellum est.At the beginning of the summer in which these things were happening, war began in Spain too, by land and sea. Liv. 22.19.2Hasdrubal ad eum nāvium numerum quem ā frātre īnstrūctum parātumque accēperat, decem adiectīs quadrāgintā nāvium classem Himilcōnī trādit, atque ita Carthāgine profectus nāvīs prope terram, exercitum in lītore dūcēbat parātus cōnflīgere, quācumque parte cōpiārum hostis occurrisset.Hasdrubal added ten ships to the number of ships that he had received fitted out and ready from his brother, and handed over a fleet of forty ships to Himilco; and so, setting out from Carthage, he kept his ships close to land while he led the army along the shore, ready to fight with whatever part of his forces the enemy should meet. Liv. 22.19.4Cn. Scīpiō postquam mōvisse ex hībernīs hostem audīvit, prīmō idem cōnsiliī fuit;Gnaeus Scipio, after he heard that the enemy had moved out of winter quarters, at first had the same plan; Liv. 22.19.4deinde minus terrā propter ingentem fāmam novōrum auxiliōrum concurrere ausus, dēlēctō mīlite ad nāvēs inpositō quīnque et trīgintā nāvium classe īre obviam hostī pergit.then, not daring to engage on land because of the great report of fresh auxiliaries, he put picked soldiers on board and went on to meet the enemy with a fleet of thirty-five ships.

Liv. 22.19.5Alterō ab Tarracōne diē ad statiōnem decem mīlia passuum distantem ab ōstiō Hibērī amnis pervēnit.On the second day from Tarraco he reached an anchorage ten miles from the mouth of the river Ebro. Liv. 22.19.5Inde duae Massiliēnsium speculātōriae praemissae rettulēre classem Pūnicam stāre in ōstiō flūminis castraque in rīpā posita.From there two Massilian scout ships were sent ahead, and they reported that the Punic fleet lay in the mouth of the river and that a camp had been pitched on the bank. Liv. 22.19.6Itaque ut inprōvidōs incautōsque ūniversōs simul effūsō terrōre opprimeret, sublātīs ancorīs ad hostem vādit.So, in order to overwhelm them all together while they were off their guard and unprepared, spreading terror everywhere at once, he weighed anchor and made for the enemy. Liv. 22.19.6Multās et locīs altīs positās turrīs Hispānia habet, quibus et speculīs et prōpugnāculīs adversus latrōnēs ūtuntur.Spain has many towers set on high places, which they use both as lookouts and as strongholds against brigands. Liv. 22.19.7Inde prīmō cōnspectīs hostium nāvibus datum signum Hasdrubalī est, tumultusque prius in terrā et castrīs quam ad mare et ad nāvēs est ortus, nōndum aut pulsū remōrum strepitūque aliō nauticō exaudītō aut aperientibus classem prōmunturiīs, cum repente eques alius super alium ab Hasdrubale missus vagōs in lītore quiētōsque in tentōriīs suīs, nihil minus quam hostem aut proelium eō diē expectantīs, cōnscendere nāvēs properē atque arma capere iubet: classem Rōmānam iam haud procul portū esse.From these, as soon as the enemy ships were sighted, a signal was given to Hasdrubal, and confusion arose on land and in the camp before it did by the sea and among the ships, since neither the beat of oars and the other sounds of seamen had yet been heard nor had the headlands yet revealed the fleet, when suddenly horseman after horseman, sent by Hasdrubal, ordered those who were wandering on the shore or resting in their tents, expecting nothing less than the enemy or a battle that day, to board the ships in haste and take up arms: the Roman fleet was already not far from the harbour.

Liv. 22.19.8Haec equitēs dīmissī passim imperābant;These were the orders given by the horsemen sent out in all directions; Liv. 22.19.9mox Hasdrubal ipse cum omnī exercitū aderat, variōque omnia tumultū strepunt ruentibus in nāvēs simul rēmigibus mīlitibusque fugientium magis ē terrā quam in pugnam euntium modō.soon Hasdrubal himself was there with his whole army, and everything was loud with confused uproar, as rowers and soldiers rushed onto the ships together, more like men fleeing from the land than men going into battle. Liv. 22.19.10Vixdum omnēs cōnscenderant, cum aliī resolūtīs ōrīs in ancorās ēvehuntur, aliī, nē quid teneat, ancorālia incidunt, raptimque omnia ac praeproperē agendō mīlitum apparātū nautica ministeria impediuntur, trepidātiōne nautārum capere et aptāre arma mīles prohibētur.Scarcely had all embarked when some cast off their moorings and drift out onto their anchors, others cut the anchor-ropes so that nothing may hold them back; and with everything being done in a rush and too hastily, the seamen's tasks are hindered by the soldiers' gear, and the soldier is prevented by the panic of the sailors from taking up and fitting on his arms.

Liv. 22.19.11Et iam Rōmānus nōn adpropinquābat modo, sed dērēxerat etiam in pugnam nāvēs.And now the Roman was not only approaching but had even drawn up his ships for battle. Liv. 22.19.11Itaque nōn ab hoste et proeliō magis Poenī quam suōmet ipsī tumultū turbātī et temptātā vērius pugnā quam initā in fugam āvertērunt classem.So the Carthaginians, thrown into confusion no more by the enemy and the battle than by their own uproar, having attempted a fight rather than truly joined one, turned their fleet to flight. Liv. 22.19.12Et cum adversī amnis ōs lātō agminī et tum multīs simul venientibus haud sānē intrābile esset, in lītus passim nāvēs ēgērunt, atque aliī vadīs aliī siccō lītore exceptī partim armātī partim inermēs ad īnstrūctam per lītus aciem suōrum perfūgēre;And since the mouth of the river facing them could hardly be entered by a broad line, especially with many coming in at once, they drove their ships ashore all along the coast, and the men, received some by the shallows and some by the dry beach, some armed and some unarmed, fled to the line of their comrades drawn up along the shore; Liv. 22.19.12duae tamen prīmō concursū captae erant Pūnicae nāvēs, quattuor suppressae.two Punic ships, however, had been captured at the first clash, and four sunk.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×4, ablative absolute ×9, purpose clauses ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (215 words)
prīncipium, -ī n.beginning; prīncipiō, in the first place
aestās, -tātis, f.summer
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
quoque, adv.also
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
mare, maris, n.sea
que, enclitic conj.and
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
bellum, -ī, n.war
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
nāvis, -is, f.ship
numerus, -ī, m.number
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
frāter, frātris, m.brother
īnstruo, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild in or into; draw up; equip, furnish,
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
decem, indecl. adj.ten
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
quadrāgintā (indecl.)forty
classis, -is f.fleet
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
cōnflīgō, -flīgere, -flīxī, -flīctusdash together
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
occurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun against, meet
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
hīberna, -ōrum n. pl.winter quarters
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
prīmō, adv.at first
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
deinde, adv.then, next
minus, comp. adv.less
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
concurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun, rush, or dash together
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctuschoose out, choose, select
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
quīnquefive
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctumgo on, press on
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
passus, -ūs, m.pace (mīlia passuum: miles)
distō, -ārestand apart, be distant
ōstium, -ī, n.mouth, doorway, door
amnis, -is m.river
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
inde (adv.)from there; then
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
speculātōrius, -a, -umfor scouting; nāvigium speculātōrium: scout boat
praemittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend ahead
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
Pūnicus, -a, -umPunic, Carthaginian; bella Pūnica: the wars with Carthage
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
flūmen, -minis, n.river
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
imprōvidus, -a, -umnot foreseeing, heedless
incautus, -a, -umoff one's guard, careless
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress against, overpower, crush
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
ancora, -ae, f.anchor; in ancorīs, at anchor
vādō, -erego
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
turris, -is f.tower; siege tower
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
specula, -ae f.lookout, watchtower, height
prōpugnāculum, -ī n.bulwark, defence
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
latrō, -ōnis, m.robber
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
prius, adv.before, first
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
orior, -īrī, -tusarise, come forth, spring up; ortā lūce, at dawn
nōndum, adv.not yet
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
pulsus, -ūs m.stroke, beat
rēmus, -ī, m.oar
strepitus, -ūs m.noise, din
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
nauticus, -a, -umnaval, nautical
exaudiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītumhear (from a distance)
aperiō, -īre, -uī, -tusopen
prōmunturium, -ī, n.headland, promontory
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
repente (adv.)suddenly
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
tentōrium, -ī n.tent
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb; nāvem cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, embark
properē (adv.)quickly, in haste
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
iam, adv.now, already
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
portus, -ūs, m.harbor, haven, port
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
mox, adv.soon
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
cum, prep, with abl.with
omnis, -eall, every
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
varius, -a, -umvarious
strepō, -ere, -uīmake a noise, roar, hum
ruō, -ere, -ī, -itūrusrush
rēmex, -igis m.rower
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
vixdum (adv.)hardly yet, scarcely yet
resolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusuntie, loosen; release; break (bonds, oaths)
ōra, -ae f.coast, shore
ēvehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectuscarry out, carry away
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
ancorāle, -is n.anchor cable
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
raptim, adv.hurriedly, in haste
praeproperē (adv.)too hastily, rashly
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
apparātus, -ūs m.preparation; display, splendour
ministerium, -ī n.service, office, duty
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
trepidātiō, -ōnis f.alarm, agitation
nauta, -ae, m.sailor
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfit, adjust, make ready
prohibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold back, prevent, hinder
nōn, adv.not
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātusapproach to, approach
modo, adv.only
sed, conj.but
dērigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctumset in line, draw up; direct
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
turbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconfuse, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
vērē (adv.)truly, really
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
fuga, -ae, f.flight
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
tum, adv.then, at that time
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
intrābilis, -eable to be entered, accessible
vadum, -ī n.ford, shallow place
siccus, -a, -umdry; (n. as noun) dry land
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
partim (adv.)partly (partim … partim: some … others)
armātus, -a, -umarmed
inermis, -eunarmed
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
perfugiō, -ere, -fūgīflee for refuge, desert
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
concursus, -ūs m.a running together, charge
quattuor, indecl. adj.four
supprimō, -ere, -pressī, -pressuspress down, hold back, check
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.