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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.59

An indecisive battle near Placentia

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Liv. 21.59.1Dēgressus Appennīnō retrō ad Placentiam castra mōvit et ad decem mīlia prōgressus cōnsēdit.Having come down from the Apennines, he moved his camp back towards Placentia and, having advanced about ten miles, encamped. Liv. 21.59.1Posterō diē duodecim mīlia peditum, quīnque equitum adversus hostem dūcit;The next day he leads twelve thousand infantry and five thousand cavalry against the enemy; Liv. 21.59.2nec Semprōnius cōnsul — iam enim redierat ab Rōmā — dētrectāvit certāmen.nor did the consul Sempronius, for he had now returned from Rome, refuse battle. Liv. 21.59.2Atque eō diē tria mīlia passuum inter bīna castra fuēre;And on that day there were three miles between the two camps; Liv. 21.59.3posterō diē ingentibus animīs variō ēventū pugnātum est.the next day they fought with great spirit and with varying result. Liv. 21.59.3Prīmō concursū adeō rēs Rōmāna superior fuit, ut nōn aciē vincerent sōlum, sed pulsōs hostēs in castra persequerentur, mox castra quoque oppugnārent.At the first clash the Roman side was so far superior that they not only won in the battle line but pursued the routed enemy into their camp, and soon were even assaulting the camp. Liv. 21.59.4Hannibal paucīs prōpugnātōribus in vallō portīsque positīs cēterōs cōnfertōs in media castra recēpit, intentōsque signum ad ērumpendum exspectāre iubet.Hannibal posted a few defenders on the rampart and at the gates and withdrew the rest, packed together, into the middle of the camp, and orders them to wait, alert, for the signal to break out.

Liv. 21.59.5Iam nōna ferme diēī hōra erat, cum Rōmānus nēquīquam fatīgātō mīlite, postquam nūlla spēs erat potiundī castrīs, signum receptuī dedit.It was now about the ninth hour of the day when the Roman, having wearied his soldiers to no purpose, since there was no hope of taking the camp, gave the signal for retreat. Liv. 21.59.6Quod ubi Hannibal accēpit laxātamque pugnam et recessum ā castrīs vīdit, extemplō equitibus dextrā laevāque ēmissīs in hostem ipse cum peditum rōbore mediīs castrīs ērūpit.As soon as Hannibal learned of this and saw that the fighting had slackened and that they had withdrawn from the camp, he at once sent out the cavalry on the right and left against the enemy, and himself burst out from the middle of the camp with the core of his infantry. Liv. 21.59.7Pugna rārō magis ūlla saeva aut utrīusque partis perniciē clārior fuisset, sī extendī eam diēs in longum spatium sīvisset: nox accēnsum ingentibus animīs proelium dirēmit.Seldom would any battle have been more savage or more notable for the losses of both sides, if the daylight had allowed it to stretch over a long space: night broke off a battle kindled with immense spirit.

Liv. 21.59.8Itaque ācrior concursus fuit quam caedēs, et sīcut aequāta ferme pugna erat, ita clāde parī discessum est.So the clash was fiercer than the slaughter, and just as the fight had been nearly equal, so they parted with equal loss. Liv. 21.59.9Ab neutrā parte sescentīs plūs peditibus et dīmidium eius equitum cecidit;On neither side did more than six hundred infantry fall, and half that number of cavalry; Liv. 21.59.9sed maior Rōmānīs quam prō numerō iactūra fuit, quia equestris ōrdinis aliquot et tribūnī mīlitum quīnque et praefectī sociōrum trēs sunt interfectī.but the loss to the Romans was greater than the number would suggest, because several of the equestrian order, five military tribunes and three prefects of the allies were killed. Liv. 21.59.10Secundum eam pugnam Hannibal in Ligurēs, Semprōnius Lūcam concessit.After this battle Hannibal withdrew among the Ligurians, Sempronius to Luca. Liv. 21.59.10Venientī in Ligurēs Hannibalī per īnsidiās interceptī duo quaestōrēs Rōmānī, C. Fulvius et L. Lucrētius, cum duōbus tribūnīs mīlitum et quīnque equestris ōrdinis, senātōrum ferme līberīs, quō magis ratam fore cum iīs pācem societātemque crēderet, trāduntur.As Hannibal came among the Ligurians, two Roman quaestors, Gaius Fulvius and Lucius Lucretius, who had been seized by treachery, are handed over to him, along with two military tribunes and five of the equestrian order, mostly sons of senators, so that he might believe the more firmly that peace and alliance with them would be secure.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×2, ablative absolute ×3, purpose clauses ×1, indirect statement ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (160 words)
dēgredior, -ī, -gressus sumgo down, come down, descend
retrō (adv.)backwards, behind, from behind
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
decem, indecl. adj.ten
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo forward, advance
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
duodecim, indecl. adj.twelve
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
quīnquefive
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
iam, adv.now, already
enim, conj.for
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
dētrectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdecline, refuse, shirk
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
passus, -ūs, m.pace (mīlia passuum: miles)
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
bīnī, -ae, -atwo each, two at a time
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
varius, -a, -umvarious
ēventus, -ūs m.outcome, result
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
concursus, -ūs m.a running together, charge
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
nōn, adv.not
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
sed, conj.but
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
persequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, pursue
mox, adv.soon
quoque, adv.also
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
prōpugnātor, -ōris m.defender, fighter on the walls
vallum, -ī n.rampart, palisade
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
que, enclitic conj.and
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
cōnfertus, -a, -umcrowded, close-packed
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
intentus, -a, -umattentive, alert, watchful
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst out, sally
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
nōnus, -a, -umninth
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
hōra, -ae, f.hour
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
nēquīquam (adv.)in vain, without reason
fatīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustire, wear out
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
spēs, speī, f.hope
potior, -īrī, -ītusbecome master of, get possession of
receptus, -ūs m.retreat; place of retreat
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
laxō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumloosen, open out
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
recessus, -ūs m.retreat, withdrawal; a way of retreat
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
laevus, -a, -umleft; ad laevam (manum): on the left
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend out or forth
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
cum, prep, with abl.with
rōbur, rōboris, n.oak
rārō (adv.)seldom, rarely
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
ūllus, -a, -umany
saevus, -a, -umfierce, savage
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
perniciēs, -ēī f.ruin, destruction
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
sī, conj.if
extendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentumstretch out, extend
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situsallow, permit, let
nox, noctis, f.night
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
dirimō, -ere, dirēmī, dirēmptumbreak off, interrupt
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
sīcut (conj.)just as
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
clādēs, -is f.disaster, defeat, destruction
pār, parisequal
discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw, depart
neuter, neutra, neutrumneither
sescentī, -ae, -asix hundred
plūs (adv.)more
dīmidium, -ī n.half
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
numerus, -ī, m.number
iactūra, -ae f.loss, sacrifice; expense
quia (conj.)because
equester, -tris, -treof cavalry
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
praefectus, -ī m.commander, officer
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
secundum (prep. + acc.)after, besides; along
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
intercipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptumintercept, catch
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
quaestor, -ōris m.quaestor, a Roman official in charge of an army's funds
senātor, -ōris m.senator, elder
līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.children
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
ratus, -a, -umfixed, settled, valid; (reor) having thought
pāx, pācis f.peace
societās, -ātis f.alliance, partnership
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.