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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.49

Naval war off Sicily

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Liv. 21.49.1Cum ad Trebiam terrestre cōnstitisset bellum, interim circā Siciliam īnsulāsque Ītaliae imminentēs et ā Semprōniō cōnsule et ante adventum eius terrā marīque rēs gestae.While the war on land had come to a standstill at the Trebia, meanwhile operations had been carried out by land and sea around Sicily and the islands lying off Italy, both by the consul Sempronius and before his arrival. Liv. 21.49.2Vīgintī quīnquerēmēs cum mīlle armātīs ad dēpopulandam ōram Ītaliae ā Carthāginiēnsibus missae;Twenty quinqueremes with a thousand armed men had been sent by the Carthaginians to lay waste the coast of Italy; Liv. 21.49.2novem Liparās, octō ad īnsulam Vulcānī tenuērunt, trēs in fretum āvertit aestus.nine reached the Lipari islands, eight the island of Vulcan, and three the current carried off into the strait. Liv. 21.49.3Ad eās cōnspectās ā Messānā duodecim nāvēs ab Hierōne rēge Syrācūsānōrum missae, quī tum forte Messānae erat cōnsulem Rōmānum opperiēns, nūllō repugnante captās nāvēs Messānam in portum dēdūxērunt.When these were sighted, twelve ships were sent from Messana by Hiero, king of the Syracusans, who happened to be at Messana at the time awaiting the Roman consul, and they captured the ships without resistance and brought them into the harbour at Messana.

Liv. 21.49.4Cognitum ex captīvīs praeter vīgintī nāvēs, cuius ipsī classis essent, in Ītaliam missās quīnque et trīgintā aliās quīnquerēmēs Siciliam petere ad sollicitandōs veterēs sociōs;It was learned from the prisoners that, besides the twenty ships sent to Italy, to which fleet they themselves belonged, thirty-five other quinqueremes were making for Sicily to stir up their old allies; Liv. 21.49.5Lilybaeī occupandī praecipuam cūram esse;their chief concern was to seize Lilybaeum; Liv. 21.49.5crēdere eādem tempestāte, quā ipsī disiectī forent, eam quoque classem ad Aegātēs īnsulās dēiectam.they believed that this fleet too had been driven to the Aegates islands by the same storm by which they themselves had been scattered. Liv. 21.49.6Haec, sīcut audīta erant, rēx M. Aemiliō praetōrī, cuius Sicilia prōvincia erat, perscrībit monetque, ut Lilybaeum firmō tenēret praesidiō.The king writes all this, just as it had been heard, to Marcus Aemilius the praetor, whose province Sicily was, and warns him to hold Lilybaeum with a strong garrison. Liv. 21.49.7Extemplō et circā cīvitātēs ā praetōre missī lēgātī tribūnīque, quī suōs ad cūram custōdiae intenderent, et ante omnia Lilybaeum tenērī apparātū bellī, ēdictō prōpositō, ut sociī nāvālēs decem diērum cocta cibāria ad nāvēs dēferrent, ut, ubi signum datum esset, nē quid moram cōnscendendī faceret;At once envoys and tribunes were sent round the communities by the praetor to rouse their people to vigilance in keeping guard, and above all Lilybaeum was held in readiness for war, an edict being posted that the naval allies should bring cooked rations for ten days to the ships, so that, when the signal was given, nothing should delay their embarking; Liv. 21.49.8perque omnem ōram, quī ex speculīs prōspicerent adventantem hostium classem, missī.and men were sent along the whole coast to look out from watch-posts for the approach of the enemy fleet.

Liv. 21.49.9Itaque, quamquam dē industriā ita moderātī cursum nāvium erant Carthāginiēnsēs, ut ante lūcem accēderent Lilybaeum, praesēnsum tamen est, quia et lūna pernox erat et sublātīs armāmentīs veniēbant: extemplō datum signum ex speculīs et in oppidō ad arma conclāmātum est et in nāvēs cōnscēnsum;And so, although the Carthaginians had deliberately so regulated the course of their ships as to approach Lilybaeum before dawn, they were nevertheless detected in advance, because the moon shone all night and they came with their sails set: at once the signal was given from the watch-posts, the call to arms rang through the town, and the men went aboard the ships; Liv. 21.49.10pars mīlitum in mūrīs portārumque statiōnibus, pars in nāvibus erant.some of the soldiers were on the walls and at the posts by the gates, some on the ships. Liv. 21.49.11Et Carthāginiēnsēs, quia rem fore haud cum inparātīs cernēbant, ūsque ad lūcem portū sē abstinuērunt, dēmendīs armāmentīs eō tempore aptandāque ad pugnam classe absūmptō.The Carthaginians too, since they saw that they would be dealing with men far from unprepared, kept away from the harbour until daylight, spending that time in taking down their rigging and fitting out the fleet for battle.

Liv. 21.49.12Ubi inlūxit, recēpēre classem in altum, ut spatium pugnae esset exitumque līberum ē portū nāvēs hostium habērent.When day broke, they drew the fleet back into open water, so that there might be room for battle and the enemy's ships might have a free exit from the harbour. Liv. 21.49.13Nec Rōmānī dētrectāvēre pugnam et memoriā circā ea ipsa loca gestārum rērum frētī et mīlitum multitūdine ac virtūte.Nor did the Romans decline the fight, trusting both in the memory of deeds done around those very places and in the number and courage of their soldiers.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×6, ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×2, purpose clauses ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (164 words)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
terrestris, -eof the land, on land
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
bellum, -ī, n.war
interim (adv.)meanwhile
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
īnsula, -ae, f.island
que, enclitic conj.and
immineō, -ērehang over; threaten, be close at hand
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
mare, maris, n.sea
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
vīgintī, indecl. adj.twenty
quīnquerēmis, -is f.a quinquereme, a warship with five banks of oars
cum, prep, with abl.with
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
armātus, -a, -umarmed
dēpopulor, -ārī, -ātus sumlay waste, ravage
ōra, -ae f.coast, shore
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
novem, indecl. adj.nine
octō (indecl.)eight
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
fretum, -ī, n.strait
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
aestus, -ūs m.heat; tide
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
duodecim, indecl. adj.twelve
nāvis, -is, f.ship
rēx, rēgis, m.king
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
tum, adv.then, at that time
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
opperior, -īrī, -pertus sumwait for, await
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
repugnō, -pugnāre, -pugnāvī, -pugnātusfight against, struggle, resist
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
portus, -ūs, m.harbor, haven, port
dēdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductuslead down or away, bring; nāvem dēdūcere, to draw down or launch a ship
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
captīvus, -a, -umcaptive
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
classis, -is f.fleet
quīnquefive
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
sollicitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, tempt
vetus, veterisold, former
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
praecipuus, -a, -umspecial, particular, outstanding
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
tempestās, -tātis, f.weather; storm, tempest
disiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow apart, scatter
quoque, adv.also
dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
sīcut (conj.)just as
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
praetor, -ōris m.praetor (legātus prō praetōre: officer with a praetor's powers)
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
perscrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite through or in full, describe fully, recount
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
firmus, -a, -umstrong, steadfast
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
custōdia, -ae f.guard, protection
intendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out; stretch, draw, aim
omnis, -eall, every
apparātus, -ūs m.preparation; display, splendour
ēdictum, -ī n.proclamation, edict (of a magistrate)
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
nāvālis, -enaval, of ships
decem, indecl. adj.ten
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
coquō, -ere, coxī, coctuscook; bake, fire (bricks)
cibāria, -ōrum n. pl.provisions, food
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear or carry away or off
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
mora, -ae, f.delay
cōnscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb; nāvem cōnscendere, to climb the ship, go on board, embark
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
specula, -ae f.lookout, watchtower, height
prōspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook ahead, provide for (+ dat.)
adventō, -āre, -āvīcome nearer and nearer, approach
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
quamquam, conj.however much, although
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
industria, -ae f.diligence, hard work
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
moderor, -ārī, -ātus sumcontrol, manage, check
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
lūx, lūcis, f.light
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
praesentiō, -īre, -sēnsī, -sēnsusperceive beforehand, sense in advance
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
quia (conj.)because
lūna, -ae f.moon
pernox, -octislasting all night; luna pernox: the moon shining all night
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
armāmenta, -ōrum n. pl.ship's rigging, tackle
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
oppidum, -ī, n.town
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
conclāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshout out, cry out
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
mūrus, -ī, m.wall
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
imparātus, -a, -umunprepared
cernō, cernere, crēvī, certus or crētusdiscern, perceive, make out
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
abstineō, -ēre, abstinuī, abstentumkeep away, hold back (from)
dēmō, -ere, dēmpsī, dēmptustake away, remove
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfit, adjust, make ready
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
absūmō, -sūmere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake away, consume, destroy
illūcēscō (inlūcēscō), -ere, -lūxīgrow light, dawn
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
altum, -ī n.the deep, the open sea; a height
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
exitus, -ūs m.way out; outcome, end
līber, lībera, līberumfree
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
dētrectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdecline, refuse, shirk
memoria, -ae, f.memory
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
frētus, -a, -um (+ abl.)relying on
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.