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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.28

Crossing the Rhône with the elephants

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Liv. 21.28.1Gallī occursant in rīpā cum variīs ululātibus cantūque mōris suī quatientēs scūta super capita vibrantēsque dextrīs tēla, quamquam et ex adversō terrēbat tanta vīs nāvium cum ingentī sonō flūminis et clamōre variō nautārum mīlitumque, et quī nītēbantur perrumpere impetum flūminis et quī ex alterā rīpā trāicientēs suōs hortābantur;The Gauls rush to meet them on the bank with various howls and songs after their custom, shaking their shields above their heads and brandishing spears in their right hands, although they were alarmed too by the huge number of ships opposite, with the immense roar of the river and the mingled shouting of sailors and soldiers, both of those who were struggling to break through the force of the current and of those who were cheering on their comrades from the other bank as they crossed; Liv. 21.28.3et iam satis paventēs adversō tumultū terribilior ab tergō adortus clamor castrīs ab Hannōne captīs.and as they were already sufficiently alarmed by the tumult in front, a more terrifying shout assailed them from behind, their camp having been taken by Hanno.

Liv. 21.28.3Mox et ipse aderat, ancepsque terror circumstābat et ē nāvibus tantā vī armātōrum in terram ēvādente et ab tergō inprōvīsā premente aciē.Soon he himself was upon them, and terror surrounded them on both sides, as so great a force of armed men was landing from the ships and an unexpected battle line was pressing on them from behind. Liv. 21.28.4Gallī postquam utrōque vim facere cōnātī pellēbantur, quā patēre vīsum maximē iter, perrumpunt trepidīque in vīcōs passim suōs diffugiunt.After the Gauls, having tried to use force in both directions, were being driven back, they break through where the way seemed most open and scatter in alarm to their villages in all directions. Liv. 21.28.4Hannibal cēterīs cōpiīs per ōtium trāiectīs spernēns iam Gallicōs tumultūs castra locat.Hannibal, having taken the rest of his forces across at leisure, and now scorning the Gaulish tumults, pitches camp. Liv. 21.28.5Elephantōrum trāiciendōrum varia cōnsilia fuisse crēdō, certē variat memoria āctae reī.I believe there were various plans for taking the elephants across; at any rate the tradition of how it was done varies.

Liv. 21.28.5Quīdam congregātīs ad rīpam elephantīs trādunt ferōcissimum ex iīs inrītātum ab rēctōre suō, cum refugientem in aquam sequerētur, trāxisse gregem, ut quemque timentem altitūdinem dēstitueret vadum, impetū ipsō flūminis in alteram rīpam rapiente.Some report that, when the elephants had been herded together on the bank, the fiercest of them, provoked by its driver, pursued him as he fled into the water and drew the herd after it, the very force of the river sweeping each one to the other bank as the bottom failed it, frightened at the depth. Liv. 21.28.6Cēterum magis cōnstat ratibus trāiectōs;But it is more generally agreed that they were taken across on rafts; Liv. 21.28.6id ut tūtius cōnsilium ante rem foret, ita āctā rē ad fidem prōnius est.just as that plan would have been safer beforehand, so, now that the thing has been done, it is more readily believed. Liv. 21.28.7Ratem ūnam ducentōs longam pedēs quīnquāgintā lātam ā terrā in amnem porrēxērunt, quam, nē secunda aqua dēferrētur, plūribus validīs retināculīs parte superiōre rīpae religātam pontis in modum humō iniectā cōnstrāvērunt, ut bēluae audācter velut per sōlum ingrederentur;They extended from the land into the river one raft two hundred feet long and fifty feet wide, and, after fastening it upstream to the bank by several strong cables so that it should not be carried downstream, they covered it like a bridge with earth thrown on, so that the beasts might step on boldly as if on solid ground; Liv. 21.28.8altera ratis aequē lāta, longa pedēs centum, ad trāiciendum flūmen apta, huic cōpulāta est;a second raft, equally wide and a hundred feet long, fit for crossing the river, was joined to this; Liv. 21.28.8tum elephantī per stabilem ratem tamquam viam praegredientibus fēminīs āctī ubi in minōrem adplicātam trānsgressī sunt, extemplō resolūtīs, quibus leviter adnexa erat, vinculīs ab āctuāriīs aliquot nāvibus ad alteram rīpam pertrahitur.then, when the elephants, driven along the fixed raft as along a road with the females going ahead, had passed onto the smaller raft attached to it, at once the ropes by which it was lightly fastened were loosed, and it is towed by several light vessels to the other bank.

Liv. 21.28.10Ita prīmīs expositīs aliī deinde repetītī ac trāiectī sunt.So, when the first had been landed, others were then fetched and taken across. Liv. 21.28.10Nihil sānē trepidābant, dōnec continentī velut ponte agerentur;They showed no alarm at all as long as they were being driven along what was, as it were, a continuous bridge; Liv. 21.28.10prīmus erat pavor, cum solūtā ab cēterīs rate in altum raperentur;the first panic came when the raft was loosed from the rest and they were swept out into the stream; Liv. 21.28.11ibi urgentēs inter sē cēdentibus extrēmīs ab aquā trepidātiōnis aliquantum ēdēbant, dōnec quiētem ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fēcisset.then, crowding against one another as those at the edges drew back from the water, they showed a good deal of alarm, until fear itself produced calm as they looked round at the water. Liv. 21.28.12Excidēre etiam saevientēs quīdam in flūmen;Some even fell into the river in their frenzy; Liv. 21.28.12sed pondere ipsō stabilēs dēiectīs rēctōribus quaerendīs pedetemptim vadīs in terram ēvāsēre.but, steadied by their very weight, after their drivers had been thrown off, feeling for the shallows step by step, they got out onto land.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×11, gerunds and gerundives ×3, indirect statement ×3, purpose clauses ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (204 words)
occursō, -āre, -āvīrun to meet, meet; present itself (to the eyes)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
cum, prep, with abl.with
varius, -a, -umvarious
ululātus, -ūs m.howling, yelling, war-cry
cantus, -ūs, m.singing, song
que, enclitic conj.and
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quatiō, -ere, —, quassusshake, beat
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
caput, capitis, n.head
vibrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbrandish, shake
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
quamquam, conj.however much, although
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
nāvis, -is, f.ship
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
sonus, -ī m.sound
flūmen, -minis, n.river
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
nauta, -ae, m.sailor
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
nītor, -ī, nīxus sum (+ abl.)rely on
perrumpō, -rumpere, -rūpī, -ruptusbreak or burst through, break
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
trāiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow across, strike through, pierce
hortor, -ārī, -ātusexhort, encourage, urge
iam, adv.now, already
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
paveō, -ēre, pāvībe terrified, tremble
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
terribilis, -edreadful, terrible
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
mox, adv.soon
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
circumstō, -stāre, -stetīstand around
armātus, -a, -umarmed
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
imprōvīsus, -a, -umunexpected (dē imprōvīsō: unexpectedly)
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
utrōque (adv.)to both places, in both directions
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cōnor, -ārī, -ātustry, attempt
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
quā, adv.in which place, where
pateō, -ēre, -uīlie open; extend, stretch
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
vīcus, -ī, m.village
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
diffugiō, -ere, -fūgīscatter in flight, flee in all directions
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
spernō, spernere, sprēvī, sprētusdespise, scorn
Gallicus, -a, -umGallic, of Gaul
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
elephantus, -ī m.elephant
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
certē (adv.)certainly, surely; at any rate
variō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusvary; differ, disagree
memoria, -ae, f.memory
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
congregō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgather together, assemble; pass. flock together
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
irrītō (inrītō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusprovoke, stir up
rēctor, -ōris m.ruler, guide, director
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
aqua, -ae, f.water
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
grex, gregis m.flock, herd; band, gang
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
altitūdō, -inis f.height; depth
dēstituō, -ere, -stituī, -stitūtumleave in the lurch, abandon
vadum, -ī n.ford, shallow place
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrusstand together, agree; consist;
ratis, -is f.raft
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
prōnus, -a, -umleaning forward; inclined, prone (to)
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
ducentī, -ae, -atwo hundred
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
pēs, pedis, m.foot
quīnquāgintā, indecl. adj.fifty
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
amnis, -is m.river
porrigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctusstretch out, hold out, hand
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
dēferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbear or carry away or off
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
validus, -a, -umstrong
retināculum, -ī n.rope, cable, mooring-line
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
religō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustie back, bind up
pōns, pontis, m.bridge
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
humus, -ī f.ground, earth; humī: on the ground
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
cōnsternō, -ere, -strāvī, -strātuscover, strew, lay over
bēlua, -ae, f.beast, monster
audācter (adv.; comp. audācius)boldly
veluteven or just as, as
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
centum, indecl. adj.one hundred
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
cōpulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusjoin, couple, link together
tum, adv.then, at that time
stabilis, -efirm, steady, lasting
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
via, -ae, f.road, way
praegredior, -gredī, -gressus sumgo before, go on ahead
fēmina, -ae, f.woman
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
applicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusattach; (with sē) lean against
trānsgredior, -ī, -gressus sumcross over
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
resolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusuntie, loosen; release; break (bonds, oaths)
leviter, adv.slightly
adnectō (annectō), -ere, -nexuī, -nexustie on, attach, connect
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
āctuārius, -a, -umfast (of ships: light, built for speed)
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
pertrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractusdrag, draw (to a place); lure, bring round
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
expōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput out, set forth; put on shore, land; explain
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
deinde, adv.then, next
repetō, -ere, -petīvī, -petītumdemand back; seek again
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
trepidō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbe in a panic, hurry about in alarm
dōnec (conj.)until; while, as long as
continēns, -entis, f.'mainland, continent
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
solvō, solvere, solvī, solūtusloosen, unbind, release; pay; with or without nāvem, cast off, set sail, put to sea
altum, -ī n.the deep, the open sea; a height
ibi, adv.in that place, there
urgeō, -ēre, ursīpress hard
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
trepidātiō, -ōnis f.alarm, agitation
aliquantum, -quantī, n.somewhat
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
timor, -ōris, m.fear
circumspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook round (at), keep looking about; watch for
excidō, -ere, -cidīfall out, slip out
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
saeviō, -īre, -iī, -ītumrage
sed, conj.but
pondus, ponderis, n.weight
dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
pedetemptim (adv.)step by step, feeling the way, cautiously
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.