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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.27

Preparations to cross the Rhône

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Liv. 21.27.1Iamque omnibus satis conparātīs ad trāiciendum terrēbant ex adversō hostēs omnem rīpam equitēs virīque obtinentēs.And now, when everything was sufficiently prepared for the crossing, the enemy opposite were threatening them, holding the whole bank with horse and foot. Liv. 21.27.2Quōs ut āverteret, Hannōnem Bomilcaris fīlium vigiliā prīmā noctis cum parte cōpiārum, maximē Hispānīs, adversō flūmine īre iter ūnīus diēī iubet et, ubi prīmum possit, quam occultissimē trāiectō amnī circumdūcere agmen, ut, cum opus factō sit, adoriātur ab tergō hostēs.To draw them away, he orders Hanno, son of Bomilcar, to go at the first watch of the night with part of the forces, chiefly Spaniards, a day's march upstream, and, as soon as he could, to cross the river as secretly as possible and lead his column round, so that, when the moment came, he might attack the enemy from behind. Liv. 21.27.4Ad id datī ducēs Gallī ēdocent, inde mīlia quīnque et vīgintī ferme suprā parvae īnsulae circumfūsum amnem lātiōre, ubi dīvidēbātur, eōque minus altō alveō trānsitum ostendere.The Gauls who had been given to him as guides for this purpose inform him that about twenty-five miles upstream from there the river, flowing round a small island, offered a crossing where it divided, its channel being wider and therefore less deep.

Liv. 21.27.5Ibi raptim caesa māteriā ratēsque fabricātae, in quibus equī virīque et alia onera trāicerentur.There timber was hastily cut and rafts built, on which horses and men and other loads were to be carried across. Liv. 21.27.5Hispānī sine ūllā mōle in utrēs vestīmentīs coniectīs ipsī caetrīs superpositīs incubantēs flūmen trānāvēre.The Spaniards, without any trouble, threw their clothes into skins, and, lying on their shields placed on top of them, swam across the river themselves. Liv. 21.27.6Et alius exercitus ratibus iūnctīs trāiectus, castrīs prope flūmen positīs, nocturnō itinere atque operis labōre fessus quiēte ūnīus diēī reficitur, intentō duce ad cōnsilium opportūnē exsequendum.The rest of the army too was taken across on rafts joined together, and, having pitched camp near the river, weary from the night march and the toil of the work, it is refreshed by a single day's rest, while their leader was intent on carrying out the plan at the right moment. Liv. 21.27.7Posterō diē profectī ex compositō fūmō significant trānsīsse et haud procul abesse.On the following day, setting out, they signal by smoke, as had been agreed, that they had crossed and were not far away.

Liv. 21.27.7Quod ubi accēpit Hannibal, nē temporī dēesset, dat signum ad trāiciendum.When Hannibal learned this, so as not to miss the moment, he gives the signal for crossing. Liv. 21.27.8Iam parātās aptātāsque habēbat pedēs lintrēs, eques ferē propter equōs nāvēs.He already had the boats ready and fitted out, the infantry for themselves, the cavalry for the most part ships, because of the horses. Liv. 21.27.8Nāvium agmen ad excipiendum adversī impetum flūminis parte superiōre trānsmittēns tranquillitātem īnfrā trāicientibus lintribus praebēbat.The line of ships, crossing higher up to take the force of the current, provided calm water for the boats crossing below. Liv. 21.27.9Equōrum pars magna nantēs lōrīs ā puppibus trahēbantur praeter eōs, quōs īnstrātōs frēnātōsque, ut extemplō ēgressō in rīpam equitī ūsuī essent, inposuerant in nāvēs.A large part of the horses were towed swimming by reins from the sterns, apart from those which they had put on board saddled and bridled, so that they might be ready for use by the horsemen the moment they landed on the bank.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×4, purpose clauses ×3, ablative absolute ×5

Latin vocabulary for this passage (146 words)
iam, adv.now, already
que, enclitic conj.and
omnis, -eall, every
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
comparō, -parāre, -parāvī, -parātusprepare, collect
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
trāiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow across, strike through, pierce
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
vir, virī, m.man
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
fīlius, -ī, m.son
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
nox, noctis, f.night
cum, prep, with abl.with
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
flūmen, -minis, n.river
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
occultē (adv.)secretly
amnis, -is m.river
circumdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductumlead around, draw around
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
opus, operis, n.work, task
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
ēdoceō, -ēre, -docuī, -doctuminform thoroughly, explain
inde (adv.)from there; then
mīlle, indecl. adj.a thousand; mīlia, -ium, n. plur., thousands;
quīnquefive
vīgintī, indecl. adj.twenty
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
suprā, adv. and prep. with acc.above, before
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
īnsula, -ae, f.island
circumfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour around; (passive) crowd around, surround
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsusdivide, separate
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
minus, comp. adv.less
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
alveus, -ī m.hollow vessel; trough, tub; river bed
trānsitus, -ūs m.crossing, passage
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
ibi, adv.in that place, there
raptim, adv.hurriedly, in haste
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
māteria, -ae f.timber, material
ratis, -is f.raft
fabricō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake, build, fashion
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
equus, -ī, m.horse
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
onus, oneris n.load, weight
sine, prep. with abl.without
ūllus, -a, -umany
mōlēs, -is f.mass; dam, breakwater
uter, utris m.wine-skin
vestīmentum, -ī n.garment, clothing
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
caetra, -ae f.small light leather shield
superpōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusplace on top of
incubō, -āre, -uī, -itumlie on; brood over
trānō, -nāre, -nāvīswim across or over
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctusjoin; yoke, harness
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
nocturnus, -a, -umof night, nocturnal; nocturnum tempus, night-time
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
labor, -ōris, m.labor, toil
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake anew, renew, repair
intentus, -a, -umattentive, alert, watchful
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
opportūnē (adv.)at the right moment, conveniently
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
compositum, -ī n.agreement; ex compositō: by arrangement, as agreed
fūmus, -ī, m.smoke
significō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumshow, indicate, signal
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
aptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfit, adjust, make ready
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
pēs, pedis, m.foot
linter, lintris, f.boat, skiff
ferē, adv.nearly, about, almost, for the most part
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
nāvis, -is, f.ship
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
trānsmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend across; cross over
tranquillitās, -tātis, f.calm
īnfrā (adv. and prep. + acc.)below, further down
praebeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold forth, supply, furnish, give; show, present, exhibit
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
nō, nāre, nāvīswim
lōrum, -ī n.strap; (pl.) reins
puppis, -is f.stern of a ship
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
īnsternō, -ere, -strāvī, -strātusspread over, cover
frēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbridle, restrain
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
impōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusplace or lay upon, impose; embark
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.