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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXI

Ab Urbe Condita 21.29

First clash of cavalry

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Liv. 21.29.1Dum elephantī trāiciuntur, interim Hannibal Numidās equitēs quīngentōs ad castra Rōmāna mīserat speculātum, ubi et quantae cōpiae essent et quid parārent.Meanwhile, while the elephants were being taken across, Hannibal had sent five hundred Numidian horsemen towards the Roman camp to spy out where the forces were, how large they were and what they were preparing. Liv. 21.29.2Huic alae equitum missī, ut ante dictum est, ab ōstiō Rhodanī trecentī Rōmānōrum equitēs occurrunt.This squadron of cavalry is met by the three hundred Roman horsemen sent, as was said before, from the mouth of the Rhône. Liv. 21.29.2Proelium atrōcius quam prō numerō pugnantium ēditur;A battle is fought more fiercely than the number of combatants would suggest; Liv. 21.29.3nam praeter multa vulnera caedēs etiam prope pār utrimque fuit, fugaque et pavor Numidārum Rōmānīs iam admodum fessīs victōriam dedit.for besides many wounds the slaughter too was almost equal on both sides, and the flight and panic of the Numidians gave victory to the Romans when they were already quite exhausted. Liv. 21.29.3Victōrēs ad centum quadrāgintā, nec omnēs Rōmānī, sed pars Gallōrum, victī amplius ducentī cecidērunt.Of the victors about a hundred and forty fell, and not all Romans but some Gauls; of the vanquished more than two hundred.

Liv. 21.29.4Hoc prīncipium simul ōmenque bellī ut summae rērum prosperum ēventum ita haud sānē incruentam ancipitisque certāminis victōriam Rōmānīs portendit.This beginning and at the same time omen of the war portended to the Romans a successful outcome to the whole, but a victory by no means bloodless and in a doubtful struggle. Liv. 21.29.4Ut rē ita gestā ad utrumque ducem suī rediērunt, nec Scīpiōnī stāre sententia poterat, nisi ut ex cōnsiliīs coeptīsque hostis et ipse cōnātūs caperet, et Hannibalem incertum, utrum coeptum in Ītaliam intenderet iter an cum eō, quī prīmus sē obtulisset Rōmānus exercitus, manūs cōnsereret, āvertit ā praesentī certāmine Boiōrum lēgātōrum rēgulīque Magalī adventus, quī sē ducēs itinerum, sociōs perīculī fore adfirmantēs integrō bellō nūsquam ante lībātīs vīribus Ītaliam adgrediendam cēnsent.When, after the action had been fought in this way, each side had returned to its own commander, Scipio could settle on no plan except to shape his own efforts by the plans and undertakings of the enemy; and Hannibal, uncertain whether to press on with his march into Italy as begun or to join battle with the first Roman army that had presented itself, was turned from an immediate fight by the arrival of envoys of the Boii and of the chieftain Magalus, who, declaring that they would be his guides on the way and his partners in danger, advise that Italy should be attacked with the war untouched and his strength nowhere tapped beforehand.

Liv. 21.29.7Multitūdō timēbat quidem hostem nōndum oblitterātā memoriā superiōris bellī, sed magis iter immēnsum Alpēsque, rem fāmā utique inexpertīs horrendam, metuēbat.The rank and file did indeed fear the enemy, since the memory of the former war had not yet faded, but they dreaded still more the immense journey and the Alps, a thing fearful by report at least to those who had not experienced them.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, ablative absolute ×3, indirect statement ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (136 words)
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
elephantus, -ī m.elephant
trāiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow across, strike through, pierce
interim (adv.)meanwhile
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
quīngentī, -ae, -afive hundred
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
speculor, -ārī, -ātus sumspy, watch
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ala, -ae, f.wing
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ōstium, -ī, n.mouth, doorway, door
trecentī, -ae, -athree hundred
occurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun against, meet
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
atrōx, -ōcissavage, cruel, dreadful
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
numerus, -ī, m.number
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
ēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput forth, give out, utter
nam, conj.for
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
pār, parisequal
utrimque, adv.on either side or both sides
fuga, -ae, f.flight
que, enclitic conj.and
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
iam, adv.now, already
admodum (adv.)very, quite
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
victōria, -ae, f.victory
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
centum, indecl. adj.one hundred
quadrāgintā (indecl.)forty
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
omnis, -eall, every
sed, conj.but
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
amplius (adv.)more, further
ducentī, -ae, -atwo hundred
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
prīncipium, -ī n.beginning; prīncipiō, in the first place
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
ōmen, ōminis n.omen, sign; hīsce ōminibus: with these words of ill omen
bellum, -ī, n.war
summa, -ae f.total, sum; supreme command
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
prosperus, -a, -umfavourable, successful, prosperous
ēventus, -ūs m.outcome, result
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
sānē, adv.certainly, by all means; very
incruentus, -a, -umbloodless, without bloodshed
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
portendō, -ere, -tendī, -tentuspoint out beforehand, foretell, portend
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
sententia, -ae, f.opinion; purpose
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
nisi, conj.if not, unless
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
coeptum, -ī n.undertaking, a thing begun
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
cōnātus, -ūs, m.attempt, effort
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
utrum (conj.)whether (utrum … an: whether … or)
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
intendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out; stretch, draw, aim
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
an, conj.or (in questions)
cum, prep, with abl.with
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātusbear to, proffer, offer
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
manus, -ūs, f.hand
cōnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertusjoin, fasten together; manum (manūs) cōnserere: come to blows, engage
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
rēgulus, -ī m.petty king, prince; a royal official
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
nūsquam, adv.nowhere
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
adgredior, -gredī, -gressus sumapproach; address; attack; undertake
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsusthink, believe, consider
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
nōndum, adv.not yet
oblitterō (oblīterō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusblot out, efface; consign to oblivion
memoria, -ae, f.memory
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
immēnsus (inmēnsus), -a, -umimmeasurable, boundless, vast
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
inexpertus, -a, -umuntried, not attempted; inexperienced
horrendus, -a, -umdreadful, terrible
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXI. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.