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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.61

The trial and death of Appius

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Liv. 2.61.1Turbulentior inde annus excēpit L. Valeriō T. Aemiliō cōnsulibus, cum propter certāmina ōrdinum dē lēge agrāriā tum propter iūdicium Ap. Claudī, cui, ācerrimō adversāriō lēgis causamque possessōrum pūblicī agrī tamquam tertiō cōnsulī sustinentī, M. Duillius et Cn. Siccius diem dīxēre.A more turbulent year followed, in the consulship of Lucius Valerius and Titus Aemilius, both because of the struggles of the orders over the agrarian law and because of the trial of Appius Claudius, whom, as the fiercest opponent of the law and upholding the cause of the occupiers of public land as though he were a third consul, Marcus Duillius and Gnaeus Siccius summoned to trial. Liv. 2.61.3Numquam ante tam invīsus plēbī reus ad iūdicium vocātus populī est, plēnus suārum, plēnus paternārum īrārum.Never before had a defendant so hated by the plebs been summoned to the people's judgement, laden with their anger at himself and at his father. Liv. 2.61.4Patrēs quoque nōn temerē prō ūllō aequē adnīsī sunt: prōpugnātōrem senātūs maiestātisque vindicem suae, ad omnēs tribūniciōs plēbēiōsque oppositum tumultūs, modum dumtaxat in certāmine ēgressum, īrātae obicī plēbī.The senators too had seldom exerted themselves so much on anyone's behalf: the champion of the senate and defender of its majesty, set against all the tumults of tribunes and plebs, who had merely overstepped the limit in the contest, was being thrown to an angry plebs.

Liv. 2.61.4Ūnus ē patribus, ipse Ap. Claudius, et tribūnōs et plēbem et suum iūdicium prō nihilō habēbat.One man among the senators, Appius Claudius himself, held the tribunes, the plebs and his own trial as nothing. Liv. 2.61.5Illum nōn minae plēbis, nōn senātūs precēs perpellere umquam potuēre, nōn modo ut vestem mūtāret aut supplex prēnsāret hominēs, sed nē ut ex cōnsuētā quidem asperitāte ōrātiōnis, cum ad populum agenda causa esset, aliquid lēnīret atque submitteret.Neither the threats of the plebs nor the entreaties of the senate could ever induce him, not only to change his dress or go round canvassing men as a suppliant, but not even to soften and moderate in any way the usual harshness of his speech when he had to plead his case before the people. Liv. 2.61.6Īdem habitus ōris, eadem contumācia in vultū, īdem in ōrātiōne spīritus erat, adeō ut magna pars plēbis Appium nōn minus reum timēret, quam cōnsulem timuerat.There was the same expression on his face, the same defiance in his look, the same spirit in his speech, so much so that a great part of the plebs feared Appius no less as a defendant than they had feared him as consul.

Liv. 2.61.7Semel causam dīxit, quō semper agere omnia solitus erat, accūsātōriō spīritū;He pleaded his case once, in the accusatory spirit in which he had always been accustomed to do everything; Liv. 2.61.7adeōque cōnstantiā suā et tribūnōs obstupefēcit et plēbem, ut diem ipsī suā voluntāte prōdīcerent, trahī deinde rem sinerent.and he so astounded both tribunes and plebs by his firmness that they themselves of their own will adjourned the day of trial, and then let the matter drag on. Liv. 2.61.8Haud ita multum interim temporis fuit;Not very much time passed in the meantime; Liv. 2.61.8ante tamen, quam prōdicta diēs venīret, morbō moritur.yet before the adjourned day came he dies of an illness. Liv. 2.61.9Cuius cum laudātiōnem tribūnī plēbis inpedīre cōnārentur, plēbs fraudārī sollemnī honōre suprēmum diem tantī virī nōluit et laudātiōnem tam aequīs auribus mortuī audīvit, quam vīvī accūsātiōnem audierat, et exequiās frequēns celebrāvit.When the tribunes of the plebs tried to prevent the funeral eulogy, the plebs were unwilling for the last day of so great a man to be cheated of its customary honour, and listened to the eulogy of the dead man with ears as fair as they had listened to the accusation of the living, and attended his funeral in great numbers.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1, purpose clauses ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (148 words)
turbulentus, -a, -umdisorderly, unruly
inde (adv.)from there; then
annus, -ī, m.year
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
lēx, lēgis f.law
agrārius, -a, -umof land; as noun agrāriī, -ōrum m. pl., supporters of land reform
tum, adv.then, at that time
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ācer, ācris, ācresharp, shrill
adversārius, -ī m.opponent, enemy
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
que, enclitic conj.and
possessor, -ōris m.owner, occupier (of land or property)
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
ager, agri, m.field, land
tamquam (adv., conj.)as, just as; as if
tertius, -a, -umthird
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
numquam, adv.never
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
tam, adv.so
invīsus, -a, -umhated, hateful (to: dat.)
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
reus, -ī m.defendant, the accused
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
populus, -ī m.people, nation
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
plēnus, -a, -umfull
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
paternus, -a, -umof a father, a father's
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
pater, patris, m.father
quoque, adv.also
nōn, adv.not
temerē, adv.rashly
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
ūllus, -a, -umany
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
adnītor, -nītī, -nīsus sumlean on; exert oneself, support (someone's cause)
prōpugnātor, -ōris m.defender, fighter on the walls
senātus, -ūs m.senate
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
vindex, -icis m.avenger, punisher; protector
omnis, -eall, every
tribūnicius, -a, -umof a tribune; tribūnicia potestās: the tribunes' power
plēbēius, -a, -umof the common people, plebeian; common, vulgar
oppōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset against, place opposite
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
dumtaxat (adv.)only, merely; at least
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
nihilum, -ī n.nothing; nihilō sētius: none the less
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
minae, -ārum, f. plur.threats
prex, precis f. (usu. pl.)prayer, entreaty
perpellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive, push; prevail upon, induce
umquam, adv.ever
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
modo, adv.only
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
vestis, -is, f.clothing, dress, robe
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
supplex, -icisbegging, as a suppliant
prēnsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgrasp; canvass (by shaking hands)
homō, hominis, m.man
sed, conj.but
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
cōnsuēscō, -suēscere, -suēvī, -suētusbecome accustomed; in tenses of completed action, have become accustomed, be accustomed or wont
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
asperitās, -ātis f.roughness, unevenness; harshness
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f.speech; ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver an oration, speak
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
lēniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītussoften, soothe, ease
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
submittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend (as help)
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
habitus, -ūs m.condition, state; bearing, character
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
contumācia, -ae f.defiance, stubbornness, insolence
vultus, -ūs m.face, expression
spīritus, -ūs m.breath; (pl.) pride, arrogance
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
minus, comp. adv.less
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
semel (adv.)once (semel atque iterum: again and again)
semper, adv.always
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
accūsātōrius, -a, -umof an accuser, of a prosecutor
cōnstantia, -ae f.steadiness, firmness
obstupefaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factusastound, stun
voluntās, -tātis, f.wish, will
prōdīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictuspostpone, adjourn (a day fixed for a trial)
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
deinde, adv.then, next
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
sinō, -ere, sīvī, situsallow, permit, let
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
interim (adv.)meanwhile
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
morbus, -ī m.sickness, disease
morior, morī, mortuusdie
laudātiō, -ōnis f.praise; eulogy, funeral speech; character reference
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
cōnor, -ārī, -ātustry, attempt
fraudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscheat, defraud, rob (someone of something, + abl.)
sollemnis, -esolemn, ritual, customary
honor, -ōris, m.honor
suprēmus, -a, -umhighest, last
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vir, virī, m.man
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
auris, -is, f.ear
mortuus, -a, -umdead
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
vīvus, -a, -umalive, living
accūsātiō, -ōnis f.accusation, charge
exequiae (exsequiae), -ārum f. pl.funeral procession, funeral rites
frequēns, -entiscrowded, in great numbers; frequent
celebrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthrong; keep (a festival), celebrate
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.