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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.50

Disaster at the Cremera

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Liv. 2.50.1Rūrsus cum Fabiīs erat Vēientī populō sine ūllō maiōris bellī apparātū certāmen, nec erant incursiōnēs modo in agrōs aut subitī impetūs in incursantēs, sed aliquotiēns aequō campō conlātīsque signīs certātum, gēnsque ūna populī Rōmānī saepe ex opulentissimā, ut tum rēs erant, Etrūscā cīvitāte victōriam tulit.Once again the Veientine people were in conflict with the Fabii, without any preparation for a larger war, and there were not only raids on the fields or sudden attacks on the raiders, but several times they fought on level ground with standards joined, and a single clan of the Roman people often carried off victory from what was, as things then stood, the wealthiest Etruscan state. Liv. 2.50.3Id prīmō acerbum indignumque Veientibus est vīsum;At first this seemed bitter and humiliating to the Veientes; Liv. 2.50.3inde cōnsilium ex rē nātum īnsidiīs ferōcem hostem captandī;then a plan arose from the situation itself, to catch their fierce enemy in an ambush; Liv. 2.50.3gaudēre etiam multō successū Fabiīs audāciam crēscere.they even rejoiced that the Fabii's boldness was growing with their great success. Liv. 2.50.4Itaque et pecora praedantibus aliquotiēns, velut cāsū incidissent, obviam ācta, et agrestium fugā vāstī relictī agrī, et subsidia armātōrum ad arcendās populātiōnēs missa saepius simulātō quam vērō pavōre refūgērunt.So several times cattle were driven into the path of the raiders as if they had come upon them by chance, and fields were left empty by the flight of the country folk, and bands of armed men sent to ward off the raids fled back in panic more often feigned than real.

Liv. 2.50.5Iamque Fabiī adeō contempserant hostem, ut sua invicta arma neque locō neque tempore ūllō crēderent sustinērī posse.And now the Fabii so despised the enemy that they believed their unconquered arms could be withstood in no place and at no time. Liv. 2.50.5Haec spēs prōvexit, ut ad cōnspecta procul ā Cremerā magnō campī intervallō pecora, quamquam rāra hostium appārēbant arma, dēcurrerent.This hope carried them so far that, at the sight of cattle far from the Cremera across a wide stretch of plain, they ran down to them, although enemy arms were visible here and there. Liv. 2.50.6Et cum inprōvidī effūsō cursū īnsidiās circā ipsum iter locātās superāssent pālātīque passim vaga, ut fit pavōre iniectō, raperent pecora, subitō ex īnsidiīs cōnsurgitur, et adversī et undique hostēs erant.And when, heedless, in their headlong rush they had passed the ambush laid around the very road, and scattered in all directions, were carrying off the cattle, which were straying, as happens when panic has been struck into them, suddenly men rise up from the ambush, and enemies were in front of them and on every side.

Liv. 2.50.7Prīmō clamor circumlātus exterruit, Dein tēla ab omnī parte accidēbant;First the shout that spread around them terrified them, then missiles fell from every quarter; Liv. 2.50.7coeuntibusque Etrūscīs iam continentī agmine armātōrum saeptī, quō magis sē hostis īnferēbat, cōgēbantur breviōre spatiō et ipsī orbem colligere, quae rēs et paucitātem eōrum īnsignem et multitūdinem Etrūscōrum multiplicātīs in artō ōrdinibus faciēbat.and as the Etruscans closed in, they were now hemmed in by an unbroken line of armed men, and the more the enemy pressed forward, the more they too were forced to draw their circle into a narrower space, a thing which made both their own small numbers and the multitude of the Etruscans conspicuous, with their ranks multiplied in the confined space. Liv. 2.50.8Tum omissā pugnā, quam in omnēs partēs parem intenderant, in ūnum locum sē omnēs inclīnant.Then, giving up the fight, which they had been directing equally in all directions, they all turn towards one place. Liv. 2.50.9Eō nisi corporibus armīsque rūpēre cuneō viam.Pressing there with bodies and arms, they broke a way through in a wedge.

Liv. 2.50.10Dūxit via in ēditum lēniter collem.The way led to a gently rising hill. Liv. 2.50.10Inde prīmō restitēre;There at first they stood their ground; Liv. 2.50.10mox, ut respīrandī superior locus spatium dedit recipiendīque ā pavōre tantō animum, pepulēre etiam subeuntēs;soon, as the higher position gave them room to breathe and to recover their spirits from so great a panic, they even drove back those coming up the slope; Liv. 2.50.10vincēbatque auxiliō locī paucitās, nī iugō circummissus Vēiēns in verticem collis ēvāsisset.and their small number was winning with the help of the ground, had not the Veientes, sent round along the ridge, emerged on to the summit of the hill. Liv. 2.50.11Ita superior rūrsus hostis factus.So the enemy again gained the upper hand. Liv. 2.50.11Fabiī caesī ad ūnum omnēs praesidiumque expugnātum.The Fabii were slain to a man and the stronghold was stormed. Liv. 2.50.11Trecentōs sex perīsse satis convenit, ūnum prope pūberem aetāte relictum, stirpem gentī Fabiae dubiīsque rēbus populī Rōmānī saepe domī bellīque vel maximum futūrum auxilium.It is fairly well agreed that three hundred and six perished, and that one, almost a boy in age, was left, to be the stock of the Fabian clan and to prove often, in times of crisis for the Roman people at home and in war, its very greatest help.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×4, indirect statement ×2, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (202 words)
rūrsus, adv.again
cum, prep, with abl.with
Fabius, -a, -umof the Fabii, Fabian; Fabium nōmen: the Fabian name or clan
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
Vēiēns, -entisof Veii, the Etruscan city; (m. pl.) the Veientes
populus, -ī m.people, nation
sine, prep. with abl.without
ūllus, -a, -umany
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
bellum, -ī, n.war
apparātus, -ūs m.preparation; display, splendour
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
incursiō, -ōnis f.raid, attack
modo, adv.only
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
ager, agri, m.field, land
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
subitus, -a, -umsudden
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
incursō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusattack repeatedly, make raids on; run against
sed, conj.but
aliquotiēns (adv.)several times
aequus, -a, -umlevel; equal; fair
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
que, enclitic conj.and
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
certō, adv.with certainty, for certain, certainly
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
saepe, adv.often, frequently
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
opulentus, -a, -umrich, wealthy, powerful
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
tum, adv.then, at that time
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
Etrūscus, -a, -umEtruscan
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
victōria, -ae, f.victory
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
prīmō, adv.at first
acerbus, -a, -umbitter, harsh, painful
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
inde (adv.)from there; then
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
captō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry to catch, grasp at, aim at
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsusbe glad, rejoice
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
successus, -ūs m.outcome, success
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
praedor, -ārī, -ātusplunder
veluteven or just as, as
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
obviam, adv.in the way, opposite, face to face; obviam fierī, to meet; obviam īre, to go to meet
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
agrestis, -eof the country, rustic; boorish
fuga, -ae, f.flight
vāstus, -a, -umwaste, huge, enormous, vast
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
subsidium, -ī, n.reserve, reinforcement, support, help
armātus, -a, -umarmed
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
arceō, -ēre, -uīkeep off, keep away, shut out
populātiō, -ōnis f.plundering, ravaging
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
simulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumpretend
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
iam, adv.now, already
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
invictus, -a, -umunconquered, unbeaten
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
spēs, speī, f.hope
prōvehō, -vehere, -vexī, -vectuscarry forward
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
intervallum, -ī, n.interval, space, distance
quamquam, conj.however much, although
rārus, -a, -umscattered, few
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun down
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
imprōvidus, -a, -umnot foreseeing, heedless
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusovercome, defeat, conquer
pālor, -ārī, -ātus sumwander, straggle
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
vagus, -a, -umwandering, roaming
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
cōnsurgō, -ere, -surrēxī, -surrēctusrise together, stand up
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
undique, adv.from or on all sides
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
circumferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātuscarry around
exterreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten badly, terrify
deinde, adv.then, next
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
omnis, -eall, every
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
coeō, -īre, -iī, -itumcome together, assemble
continēns, -entis, f.'mainland, continent
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
saepiō, -īre, saepsī, saeptusfence in, enclose; protect
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
īnferō, īnferre, intulī, inlātusbring in or against, wage against; inflict
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
brevis, -eshort
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
colligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctumgather, collect (sē colligere: recover oneself)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
paucitās, -ātis f.small number, scarcity
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
multiplicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmultiply, increase; passive: multiply, become many
artus, -a, -umclose, tight; dense, thick
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
omittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missuslet go, neglect, disregard, throw away, lose
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
pār, parisequal
intendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out; stretch, draw, aim
inclīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, lean; incline, tend
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
nisi, conj.if not, unless
corpus, corporis, n.body
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptusbreak, burst
cuneus, -ī m.wedge; a wedge-shaped formation of troops
via, -ae, f.road, way
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
ēditus, -a, -umraised, high
lēniter (adv.)gently
collis, -is m.hill
restō, -āre, restitīstay behind, remain
mox, adv.soon
respīrō, -spīrāre, -spīrāvī, -spīrātusbreathe back or out, breathe
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsusdrive, drive away, beat, rout
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
iugum, -ī, n.yoke
circummittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missussend around
vertex, -icis m.top of the head, crown; summit
ēvādō, -vādere, -vāsī, -vāsusgo forth, get away, escape
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake by storm, capture
trecentī, -ae, -athree hundred
sex (indecl.)six
pereō, -īre, -ii, -itūruspass away, perish
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
pūber (pūbēs), -erisgrown up, adult; pūberēs annī: the age of manhood
aetās, -tātis, f.age
stirps, stirpis f.stock, root; family, race
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
velor; vel … vel: either … or
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.