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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.45

The soldiers swear to conquer

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Liv. 2.45.1Cōnsulēs quoque Rōmānī nihil aliud quam suās vīrēs, sua arma horrēbant.The Roman consuls, too, dreaded nothing other than their own strength, their own arms. Liv. 2.45.2Memoria pessimī proximō bellō exemplī terrēbat, nē rem committerent eō, ubi duae simul aciēs timendae essent.The memory of the very bad example set in the last war frightened them from risking a battle in circumstances where two battle lines were to be feared at once. Liv. 2.45.2Itaque castrīs sē tenēbant, tam ancipitī perīculō āversī: diem tempusque forsitan ipsum lēnītūrum īrās sānitātemque animīs adlātūrum.And so they kept within their camp, turning away from so double-edged a danger: time and circumstance themselves would perhaps soften the anger and bring sanity to their minds. Liv. 2.45.3Vēiēns hostis Etrūscīque eō magis praeproperē agere;The Veientine enemy and the Etruscans acted all the more precipitately for that; Liv. 2.45.3lacessere ad pugnam prīmō obequitandō castrīs prōvocandōque, postrēmō, ut nihil movēbant, quā cōnsulēs ipsōs, quā exercitum increpandō: simulātiōnem intestīnae discordiae remedium timōris inventum, et cōnsulēs magis nōn cōnfīdere quam nōn crēdere suīs mīlitibus;they provoked them to battle, first by riding up to the camp and issuing challenges, finally, when this had no effect, by abusing now the consuls themselves, now the army: the pretence of internal discord had been devised as a cure for fear, and the consuls distrusted their soldiers rather than disbelieved them; Liv. 2.45.4novum sēditiōnis genus, silentium ōtiumque inter armātōs.this was a new kind of mutiny — silence and idleness among armed men.

Liv. 2.45.4Ad haec in novitātem generis orīginisque quā falsa, quā vēra iacere.Besides this they hurled taunts, some false, some true, at the newness of their race and origin. Liv. 2.45.5Haec cum sub ipsō vallō portīsque streperent, haud aegrē cōnsulēs patī;While they made this din right under the rampart and the gates, the consuls bore it without much distress; Liv. 2.45.5at inperītae multitūdinī nunc indignātiō, nunc pudor pectora versāre et ab intestīnīs āvertere malīs: nōlle inultōs hostēs, nōlle successum nōn patribus, nōn cōnsulibus;but the hearts of the unskilled multitude were stirred now by indignation, now by shame, and turned away from their internal ills: they did not want the enemy to go unpunished, nor did they want success for the senators or for the consuls; Liv. 2.45.5externa et domestica odia certāre in animīs.foreign and domestic hatreds strove together in their minds. Liv. 2.45.6Tandem superant externa;At last the foreign prevail; Liv. 2.45.6adeō superbē īnsolenterque hostis ēlūdēbat.so arrogantly and insolently was the enemy mocking them. Liv. 2.45.6Frequentēs in praetōrium conveniunt;They gather in crowds at the general's tent; Liv. 2.45.6poscunt pugnam, postulant, ut signum dētur.they demand battle, they insist that the signal be given.

Liv. 2.45.7Cōnsulēs velut dēlīberābundī capita cōnferunt, diū conloquuntur.The consuls put their heads together as though deliberating, and confer for a long time. Liv. 2.45.7Pugnāre cupiēbant, sed retrō revocanda et abdenda cupiditās erat, ut adversandō remorandōque incitātō semel mīlitī adderent impetum.They were eager to fight, but that eagerness had to be held back and concealed, so that by opposing and delaying they might add impetus to the soldiers once they had been roused. Liv. 2.45.8Redditur respōnsum inmātūram rem agī, nōndum tempus pugnae esse;The reply is given that the matter is premature, that it is not yet time for battle; Liv. 2.45.8castrīs sē tenērent.they should keep within the camp. Liv. 2.45.8Ēdīcunt inde, ut abstineant pugnā: sī quis iniussū pugnāverit, ut in hostem animadversūrōs.They then issue an edict that they abstain from fighting: if anyone fought without orders, they would punish him as an enemy. Liv. 2.45.9Ita dīmissīs, quō minus cōnsulēs velle crēdunt, crēscit ardor pugnandī.When the men had been dismissed in this way, their ardour for fighting grows the less they believe the consuls want it.

Liv. 2.45.9Accendunt īnsuper hostēs ferōcius multō, ut statuisse nōn pugnāre cōnsulēs cognitum est: quippe inpūne sē īnsultātūrōs, nōn crēdī mīlitī arma, rem ad ultimum sēditiōnis ēruptūram, fīnemque vēnisse Rōmānō imperiō.The enemy inflame them further by coming on much more boldly, once it became known that the consuls had decided not to fight: they could insult them with impunity, they said, the soldiers were not trusted with arms, the matter would burst out into the extreme of mutiny, and the end had come for Roman power. Liv. 2.45.10Hīs frētī occursant portīs, ingerunt probra, aegrē abstinent, quīn castra oppugnent.Relying on this, they run up to the gates, heap abuse on them, and can barely refrain from attacking the camp. Liv. 2.45.10Enimvērō nōn ultrā contumēliam patī Rōmānus posse;Then indeed the Romans could bear the insults no longer; Liv. 2.45.11tōtīs castrīs undique ad cōnsulēs curritur;from all over the camp men run to the consuls from every side; Liv. 2.45.11nōn iam sēnsim, ut ante, per centuriōnum prīncipēs postulant, sed passim omnēs clamōribus agunt.no longer gradually, as before, through the leading centurions do they make their demands, but all of them everywhere press with shouts.

Liv. 2.45.11Mātūra rēs erat;The matter was ripe; Liv. 2.45.11tergiversantur tamen.still they hold back. Liv. 2.45.12Fabius deinde, ad crēscentem tumultum iam metū sēditiōnis collēgā concēdente, cum silentium classicō fēcisset: "ego istōs, Cn. Mānlī, posse vincere sciō;Then Fabius, as his colleague was now giving way before the growing uproar for fear of mutiny, having obtained silence with a trumpet call, said: 'I know, Gnaeus Manlius, that these men can conquer; Liv. 2.45.13velle nē scīrem, ipsī fēcērunt.whether they are willing, they themselves have kept me from knowing. Liv. 2.45.13Itaque certum atque dēcrētum est nōn dare signum, nisi victōrēs sē reditūrōs ex hāc pugnā iūrant.And so it is fixed and decided not to give the signal unless they swear that they will return victorious from this battle. Liv. 2.45.13Cōnsulem Rōmānum mīles semel in aciē fefellit, deōs numquam fallet."Once a soldier has deceived a Roman consul in battle; the gods he will never deceive.' Liv. 2.45.13Centuriō erat M. Flāvoleius, inter prīmōrēs pugnae flāgitātor.There was a centurion, Marcus Flavoleius, among the foremost in demanding battle. Liv. 2.45.14"Victor" inquit, "M. Fabī, revertar ex aciē."'Victorious, Marcus Fabius,' he said, 'I will return from the field.' Liv. 2.45.14Sī fallat, Iovem patrem Grādīvumque Mārtem aliōsque īrātōs invocat deōs.If he broke his word, he called down upon himself the wrath of Father Jupiter, Mars Gradivus and the other gods.

Liv. 2.45.14Idem deinceps omnis exercitus in sē quisque iūrat.Then the whole army, each man for himself, swears the same oath. Liv. 2.45.14Iūrātīs datur signum;When they have sworn, the signal is given; Liv. 2.45.14arma capiunt;they take up arms; Liv. 2.45.14eunt in pugnam īrārum speīque plēnī.they go into battle full of anger and hope. Liv. 2.45.14Nunc iubent Etrūscōs probra iacere, nunc armātī sibi quisque linguā promptum hostem offerrī.Now they bid the Etruscans hurl their insults, now they bid the enemy, so ready with his tongue, face each of them armed. Liv. 2.45.16Omnium illō diē, quā plēbis, quā patrum, eximia virtūs fuit;On that day the valour of all, plebeians and patricians alike, was outstanding; Liv. 2.45.16Fabium nōmen maximē ēnituit.the Fabian name shone out above all. Liv. 2.45.16Multīs cīvīlibus certāminibus īnfēnsōs plēbis animōs illā pugnā sibi reconciliāre statuunt.The Fabii resolve in that battle to win back to themselves the feelings of the plebs, embittered by many civil contests.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×9, indirect statement ×6, purpose clauses ×1, ablative absolute ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (253 words)
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
quoque, adv.also
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
horreō, -ēre, horruīshudder at, dread
memoria, -ae, f.memory
malus, -a, -umbad
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
bellum, -ī, n.war
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
tam, adv.so
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
āvertō, -ere, āvertī, āversumturn away, turn aside
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
que, enclitic conj.and
forsitan (adv.)perhaps
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
lēniō, -īre, -īvī, -ītussoften, soothe, ease
īra, -ae, f.anger, wrath
sānitās, -tātis, f.soundness; right reason, sanity
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātusbear to, bring
Vēiēns, -entisof Veii, the Etruscan city; (m. pl.) the Veientes
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
praeproperē (adv.)too hastily, rashly
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
lacessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītumprovoke, harass
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
prīmō, adv.at first
obequitō, -āre, -āvīride up to, ride along in front of
prōvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall forth or out, challenge
postrēmō (adv.)finally, at last
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
quā, adv.in which place, where
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
simulātiō, -ōnis f.pretence
intestīnus, -a, -uminternal, domestic, civil
discordia, -ae f.disagreement, discord, strife
remedium, -ī, n.remedy
timor, -ōris, m.fear
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
nōn, adv.not
cōnfīdō, -ere, cōnfīsus sumtrust, be confident
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
sēditiō, -ōnis f.riot, mutiny, discord
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
ōtium, -ī n.leisure, rest; peace, quiet
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
armātus, -a, -umarmed
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
novitās, -tātis, f.newness, novelty
orīgō, -inis f.origin, beginning, source; ancestry
falsus, -a, -umfeigned, pretended, false
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactusthrow, cast, hurl
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
vallum, -ī n.rampart, palisade
porta, -ae, f.gate; door
strepō, -ere, -uīmake a noise, roar, hum
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
at, conj.but
imperītus, -a, -uminexperienced, unskilled, ignorant
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
nunc, adv.now
indignātiō, -ōnis f.indignation, resentment
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
pectus, pectoris, n.breast
versō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusturn about; (pass. or reflexive) move about, be engaged
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
nōlō, nōlle, nōluīnot wish, be unwilling
inultus, -a, -umunavenged; unpunished
successus, -ūs m.outcome, success
pater, patris, m.father
externus, -a, -umoutside, foreign
domesticus, -a, -umof one's own home, domestic
odium, -ī, n.hatred
certō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscontend, compete, vie
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusovercome, defeat, conquer
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
superbē (adv.)proudly, arrogantly
īnsolenter (adv.)arrogantly
ēlūdō, -ere, -lūsī, -lūsusmock, make sport of; elude
frequēns, -entiscrowded, in great numbers; frequent
praetōrium, -ī n.governor's residence, headquarters
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
poscō, poscere, poposcīask, demand
postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, request, demand
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
veluteven or just as, as
dēlīberābundus, -a, -umdeep in thought, pondering
caput, capitis, n.head
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
colloquor (conloquor), -ī, -locūtus sumtalk with, confer
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
sed, conj.but
retrō (adv.)backwards, behind, from behind
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
abdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput away, hide
cupiditās, -tātis, f.desire, longing, eagerness
adversor, -ārī, -ātus sum (+ dat.)oppose, resist
remoror, -ārī, -ātus sumdelay, hold back
incitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, provoke
semel (adv.)once (semel atque iterum: again and again)
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
respōnsum, -ī, n.reply, answer, response
immātūrus, -a, -umunripe; too early, untimely
nōndum, adv.not yet
ēdīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictusdeclare, proclaim, appoint
inde (adv.)from there; then
abstineō, -ēre, abstinuī, abstentumkeep away, hold back (from)
sī, conj.if
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
iniussū (abl. only) + gen.without the order (of)
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn the mind to, observe
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
minus, comp. adv.less
volō, velle, voluīwish
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
ardor, -ōris m.blaze, fire, glow; ardor caelī: a light in the sky
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
īnsuper (adv.)above, on top; besides
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtuscause to stand; decide, resolve
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
quippe (adv.)of course, indeed, for
impūne (adv.)without punishment
īnsultō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumleap on; mock, insult (+ dat.)
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
ērumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptumburst out, sally
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
frētus, -a, -um (+ abl.)relying on
occursō, -āre, -āvīrun to meet, meet; present itself (to the eyes)
ingerō, -gerere, -gessī, -gestusheap on, pour in; stuff in
probrum, -ī n.disgrace, shame; probrō habērī: be counted a disgrace
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
enimvērō (adv.)indeed, to be sure, truly
ultrā (prep. + acc.)beyond
contumēlia, -ae f.insult, outrage
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
undique, adv.from or on all sides
currō, currere, cucurrī, cursusrun
iam, adv.now, already
sēnsim, adv.gradually, little by little
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
centuriō, -ōnis m.centurion (officer commanding about 80 men)
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
omnis, -eall, every
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
mātūrus, -a, -umripe
tergiversor, -ārī, -ātus sumturn one's back; shuffle, evade, hold back
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
deinde, adv.then, next
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
classicum, -ī n.trumpet signal (sounded at the commander's quarters)
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
dēcernō, -ere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētumdecide, decree
nisi, conj.if not, unless
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusswear; iūs iūrandum, oath
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
deus, -ī, m.god
numquam, adv.never
prīmōrēs, -um m. pl.the leading men, the front rank
flāgitātor, -ōris m.one who demands insistently; pugnae flāgitātor: clamouring for battle
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
revertor, -vertī, -versus, perf. act. -vertīturn back, return
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
invocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall upon, invoke
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
deinceps (adv.)one after another, in succession
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
spēs, speī, f.hope
plēnus, -a, -umfull
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
lingua, -ae f.tongue; language
promptus, -a, -umready, eager
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātusbear to, proffer, offer
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
eximius, -a, -umoutstanding, exceptional
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
Fabius, -a, -umof the Fabii, Fabian; Fabium nōmen: the Fabian name or clan
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
ēnitēscō, -ere, -nituīshine out, stand out
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
īnfēnsus, -a, -umhostile, angry (with: dat.)
reconciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbring back, win back; reconcile
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.