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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.44

Appius splits the tribunes; Etruscan hopes

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Liv. 2.44.1Et hic annus tribūnum auctōrem lēgis agrāriae habuit.This year too had a tribune proposing an agrarian law. Liv. 2.44.1Tib. Pontificius fuit.It was Tiberius Pontificius. Liv. 2.44.1Is eandem viam, velut prōcessisset Sp. Liciniō, ingressus dīlēctum paulisper inpediit.Taking the same road, as though it had succeeded for Spurius Licinius, he obstructed the levy for a little while. Liv. 2.44.2Perturbātīs iterum patribus Ap. Claudius victam tribūniciam potestātem dīcere priōre annō, in praesentiā rē, exemplō in perpetuum, quandō inventum sit suīs ipsam vīribus dissolvī.When the senators were again thrown into confusion, Appius Claudius declared that the tribunician power had been defeated the year before — for the moment in fact, and as a precedent for all time — since it had been discovered that it could be broken up by its own strength. Liv. 2.44.3Neque enim umquam dēfutūrum, quī et ex collēgā victōriam sibi et grātiam meliōris partis bonō pūblicō velit quaesītam;For there would never be lacking a man willing to win a victory over his colleague for himself and the goodwill of the better party for the public good; Liv. 2.44.3et plūrēs, sī plūribus opus sit, tribūnōs ad auxilium cōnsulum parātōs fore, et ūnum vel adversus omnēs satis esse.and several tribunes, if several were needed, would be ready to help the consuls, and indeed one was enough even against all the rest.

Liv. 2.44.3Darent modo et cōnsulēs et prīmōrēs patrum operam, ut, sī minus omnēs, aliquōs tamen ex tribūnīs reī pūblicae ac senātuī conciliārent.Only let both the consuls and the leading senators take pains to win over to the state and the senate, if not all, at least some of the tribunes. Liv. 2.44.5Praeceptīs Appiī monitī patrēs et ūniversī cōmiter ac benignē tribūnōs appellāre, et cōnsulārēs, ut cuique eōrum prīvātim aliquid iūris adversus singulōs erat, partim grātiā partim auctōritāte obtinuēre, ut tribūniciae potestātis vīrēs salūbrēs vellent reī pūblicae esse;Guided by Appius' advice, the senators as a body began to address the tribunes courteously and kindly, and the former consuls, according as each had some private claim on individual tribunes, prevailed, partly by favour, partly by authority, so that they were willing to have the strength of the tribunician power serve the good of the state; Liv. 2.44.6novemque tribūnōrum adversus ūnum morātōrem pūblicī commodī auxiliō dīlēctum cōnsulēs habent.and with the help of nine tribunes against the one obstructer of the public interest the consuls held the levy. Liv. 2.44.7Inde ad Vēiēns bellum profectī, quō undique ex Etrūriā auxilia convēnerant, nōn tam Veientium grātiā concitāta, quam quod in spem ventum erat discordiā intestīnā dissolvī rem Rōmānam posse.Then they set out for the war against Veii, to which auxiliaries had gathered from all over Etruria, stirred not so much by goodwill towards the Veientes as because they had come to hope that the Roman state could be broken up by internal discord.

Liv. 2.44.8Prīncipēsque in omnium Etrūriae populōrum conciliīs fremēbant aeternās opēs esse Rōmānās, nisi inter sēmet ipsī sēditiōnibus saeviant.And in the councils of all the peoples of Etruria the leading men loudly declared that Roman power would last for ever, unless they raged against one another in civil strife. Liv. 2.44.8Id ūnum venēnum, eam lābem cīvitātibus opulentīs repertam, ut magna imperia mortālia essent.This was the one poison, this the canker found for wealthy states, to make great empires mortal. Liv. 2.44.9Diū sustentātum id malum partim patrum cōnsiliīs partim patientiā plēbis, iam ad extrēma vēnisse.That evil, long held in check partly by the policy of the senators, partly by the patience of the plebs, had now come to the extreme. Liv. 2.44.9Duās cīvitātēs ex ūnā factās, suōs cuique partī magistrātūs, suās lēgēs esse.Two states had been made out of one; each party had its own magistrates, its own laws. Liv. 2.44.10Prīmum in dīlēctibus saevīre solitōs, eōsdem in bellō tamen pāruisse ducibus.At first they used to rage during the levies, but these same men had nonetheless obeyed their commanders in war.

Liv. 2.44.10Quālicumque urbis statū manente disciplīnā mīlitārī sistī potuisse;Whatever the condition of the city, so long as military discipline remained, things could have been held steady; Liv. 2.44.10iam nōn pārendī magistrātibus mōrem in castra quoque Rōmānum mīlitem sequī.now the habit of disobeying magistrates was following the Roman soldier into the camp as well. Liv. 2.44.11Proximō bellō in ipsā aciē, in ipsō certāmine cōnsēnsū exercitūs trāditam ultrō victōriam victīs Aequīs, signa dēserta, imperātōrem in aciē relictum, iniussū in castra reditum.In the last war, in the very battle line, in the very heat of the fight, by the agreement of the army victory had been handed over unasked to the defeated Aequi, the standards abandoned, the general left behind on the field, and a return made to camp without orders. Liv. 2.44.11Profectō, sī īnstētur, suō mīlite vincī Rōmam posse.Surely, if pressure were applied, Rome could be conquered by her own soldiers. Liv. 2.44.11Nihil aliud opus esse quam indīcī ostendīque bellum;Nothing else was needed but for war to be declared and displayed; Liv. 2.44.12cētera suā sponte fāta et deōs gestūrōs.the fates and the gods would do the rest of their own accord.

Liv. 2.44.12Hae spēs Etrūscōs armāverant multīs in vicem cāsibus victōs victōrēsque.These hopes had armed the Etruscans, who had been by turns conquered and conquerors in many fortunes of war.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×2, indirect statement ×7, purpose clauses ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (187 words)
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
annus, -ī, m.year
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
lēx, lēgis f.law
agrārius, -a, -umof land; as noun agrāriī, -ōrum m. pl., supporters of land reform
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
pontificius, -a, -umof the pontiffs, pontifical
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
via, -ae, f.road, way
veluteven or just as, as
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
paulisper (adv.)for a short time
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
perturbō, -turbāre, -turbāvi, -turbātusgreatly disturb, disturb, agitate, throw into confusion
iterum, adv.again, a second time
pater, patris, m.father
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
tribūnicius, -a, -umof a tribune; tribūnicia potestās: the tribunes' power
potestās, -ātis f.power, authority
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
praesentia, -ae, f.the present
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
exemplum, -ī n.example, precedent
perpetuus, -a, -umcontinuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever
quandō (adv.)when; (after sī) ever
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
dissolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusloosen, break up; dissolūtus: lax, negligent
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
enim, conj.for
umquam, adv.ever
dēsum, deesse, dēfuībe lacking, fail
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
victōria, -ae, f.victory
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
bonus, -a, -umgood
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
volō, velle, voluīwish
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
sī, conj.if
opus, operis, n.work, task
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
velor; vel … vel: either … or
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
omnis, -eall, every
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
modo, adv.only
prīmōrēs, -um m. pl.the leading men, the front rank
opera, -ae, f.effort, work, labor
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
minus, comp. adv.less
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
senātus, -ūs m.senate
conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwin over; win, obtain
praeceptum, -ī n.instruction, order
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
ūniversus, -a, -umall together, whole, entire, all
cōmiter (adv.)courteously, in a friendly way
benignē, adv.kindly
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātuscall, name
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
prīvātim (adv.)privately, as individuals
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
partim (adv.)partly (partim … partim: some … others)
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
salūbris, -ehealthy, wholesome
novem, indecl. adj.nine
que, enclitic conj.and
morātor, -ōris m.one who delays or obstructs, a hindrance
commodum, -ī n.advantage, interest
inde (adv.)from there; then
Vēiēns, -entisof Veii, the Etruscan city; (m. pl.) the Veientes
bellum, -ī, n.war
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
undique, adv.from or on all sides
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
nōn, adv.not
tam, adv.so
concitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstir up, rouse
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
quod, conj.that, in that, because
spēs, speī, f.hope
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
discordia, -ae f.disagreement, discord, strife
intestīnus, -a, -uminternal, domestic, civil
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
populus, -ī m.people, nation
concilium, -ī n.meeting, council
fremō, -ere, -uī, -itumroar, growl; grumble (in + acc.: at)
aeternus, -a, -umeverlasting, eternal
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
nisi, conj.if not, unless
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
sēditiō, -ōnis f.riot, mutiny, discord
saeviō, -īre, -iī, -ītumrage
venēnum, -ī, n.poison
lābēs, -is f.fall; stain, disgrace; the first slip into ruin
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
opulentus, -a, -umrich, wealthy, powerful
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertusfind, discover
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
mortālis, -emortal
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
sustentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumhold out, endure
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
patientia, -ae f.endurance, hardiness
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
iam, adv.now, already
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
quāliscumque, -iscumque, -ecumqueof whatever kind
urbs, urbis, f.city
status, -ūs m.condition, state
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
disciplīna, -ae f.training, discipline
mīlitāris, -emilitary, warlike; rēs mīlitāris, art of war, warfare
sistō, -ere, stitī, statusstop, halt; set up
mōs, mōris, m.way, manner, habit, custom
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
quoque, adv.also
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
cōnsēnsus, -ūs, m.agreement, consent
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
iniussū (abl. only) + gen.without the order (of)
reditus, -ūs, m.return
profectō, adv.certainly, surely
īnstō, -āre, -stitīpress on; be at hand
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
indīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictumproclaim, call (a meeting)
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
sponte, f. abl. sing., modified by meā, tuā, suāof one's own accord, voluntarily
fātum, -ī, n.destiny, fate
deus, -ī, m.god
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
armō, -āre, -āvi, -ātusarm, equip
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
cāsus, -ūs, m.fall; chance, accident
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.