LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Livy › History of Rome, Book 2 › Ab Urbe Condita 2.41

Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.41

Spurius Cassius and the agrarian law

English onlyRead it word by word

Liv. 2.41.1Sp. Cassius deinde et Proculus Verginius cōnsulēs factī.Then Spurius Cassius and Proculus Verginius were made consuls. Liv. 2.41.1Cum Hernicīs foedus ictum;A treaty was struck with the Hernici; Liv. 2.41.1agrī partēs duae adēmptae.two-thirds of their land were taken from them. Liv. 2.41.1Inde dīmidium Latīnīs, dīmidium plēbī dīvīsūrus cōnsul Cassius erat.The consul Cassius intended to divide this, half to the Latins, half to the plebs. Liv. 2.41.2Adiciēbat huic mūnerī agrī aliquantum, quem pūblicum possidērī ā prīvātīs crīminābātur.To this gift he was adding a good deal of land which, he charged, was public but held by private persons. Liv. 2.41.2Id multōs quidem patrum, ipsōs possessōrēs, perīculō rērum suārum terrēbat;This alarmed many of the senators, the holders themselves, with danger to their property; Liv. 2.41.2sed et pūblica patribus sollicitūdō īnerat, largītiōne cōnsulem perīculōsās lībertātī opēs struere.but the senators also felt a public anxiety, that the consul was building up through his largess a power dangerous to liberty. Liv. 2.41.3Tum prīmum lēx agrāria prōmulgāta est, numquam deinde ūsque ad hanc memoriam sine maximīs mōtibus rērum agitāta.Then for the first time an agrarian law was proposed, which has never since, down to our own memory, been debated without the greatest upheavals.

Liv. 2.41.4Cōnsul alter largītiōnī resistēbat auctōribus patribus nec omnī plēbe adversante, quae prīmō coeperat fastīdīre mūnus vulgātum: ā cīvibus abīsse in sociōs;The other consul resisted the largess, with the backing of the senators and with not all the plebs against him, which had at first begun to disdain a gift made common: it had passed from citizens to allies; Liv. 2.41.5saepe deinde et Verginium cōnsulem in contiōnibus velut vāticinantem audiēbat, pestilēns collēgae mūnus esse, agrōs illōs servitūtem iīs, quī accēperint, lātūrōs, regnō viam fierī.then too it often heard the consul Verginius in assemblies, prophesying as it were, saying that his colleague's gift was pestilent, that those lands would bring slavery to those who received them, that the way was being paved to kingship. Liv. 2.41.5Quid ita enim adsūmī sociōs et nōmen Latīnum?For why else were the allies and the Latin name being brought in? Liv. 2.41.6Quid attinuisse Hernicīs, paulō ante hostibus, captī agrī partem tertiam reddī, nisi ut eae gentēs prō Coriolānō ducem Cassium habeant?What was the point of giving back a third of the captured land to the Hernici, enemies a little while ago, unless it was so that those nations might have Cassius as their leader in place of Coriolanus?

Liv. 2.41.6Populāris iam esse dissuāsor et intercessor lēgis agrāriae coeperat.The man who spoke against the agrarian law and vetoed it had now begun to be popular. Liv. 2.41.7Uterque deinde cōnsul certātim plēbī indulgēre.Then both consuls vied with each other in indulging the plebs. Liv. 2.41.7Verginius dīcere passūrum sē adsignārī agrōs, dum nē cui nisi cīvī Rōmānō adsignentur;Verginius said he would allow lands to be assigned, provided they were assigned to no one but a Roman citizen; Liv. 2.41.8Cassius, quia in agrāriā largītiōne ambitiōsus in sociōs eōque cīvibus vīlior erat, ut aliō mūnere sibi reconciliāret cīvium animōs, iubēre prō Siculō frūmentō pecūniam acceptam retribuī populō.Cassius, because in the agrarian largess he had courted the allies and so stood lower with the citizens, in order to win back the citizens' hearts by another gift, ordered that the money received for the Sicilian grain should be paid back to the people. Liv. 2.41.9Id vērō haud secus quam praesentem mercēdem regnī aspernāta plēbēs;This in truth the plebs spurned, just as if it were a down-payment for kingship; Liv. 2.41.9adeō propter suspīciōnem īnsitam animīs hominum regnī, velut abundārent omnia, mūnera eius respuēbantur.so deeply, through the suspicion of kingship rooted in men's minds, were his gifts rejected, as though they had more than enough of everything.

Liv. 2.41.10Quem, ubi prīmum magistrātū abiit, damnātum necātumque cōnstat.It is agreed that as soon as he left office he was condemned and put to death. Liv. 2.41.10Sunt, quī patrem auctōrem eius suppliciī ferant: eum cognitā domī causā verberāsse ac necāsse pecūliumque fīliī Cererī cōnsecrāvisse;There are those who say that his father was responsible for that punishment: that having tried the case at home, he scourged him and put him to death, and dedicated his son's private property to Ceres; Liv. 2.41.10signum inde factum esse et īnscrīptum "ex Cassiā familiā datum."that a statue was made from it and inscribed, 'Given from the Cassian family.' Liv. 2.41.11Inveniō apud quōsdam, idque propius fidem est, ā quaestōribus Caesōne Fabiō et L. Valeriō diem dictam perduelliōnis, damnātumque populī iūdiciō, dīrutās pūblicē aedēs.I find in some writers, and this is closer to belief, that a day was named for him by the quaestors Caeso Fabius and Lucius Valerius on a charge of treason, and that, after he was condemned by the judgement of the people, his house was pulled down by public order.

Liv. 2.41.11Ea est ārea ante Tellūris aedem.That is the open space in front of the temple of Tellus. Liv. 2.41.11Cēterum, sīve illud domesticum sīve pūblicum fuit iūdicium, damnātur Ser. Cornēliō Q. Fabiō cōnsulibus.However, whether that trial was domestic or public, he is condemned in the consulship of Servius Cornelius and Quintus Fabius.

Read the Latin itself: tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and keep your place.

Read in Lectitō

Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×6, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (184 words)
deinde, adv.then, next
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
cum, prep, with abl.with
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
īcō, -ere, īcī, ictusstrike, hit; foedus īcere: make a treaty
ager, agri, m.field, land
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
adimō, -imere, -ēmī, -ēmptustake to oneself, take away
inde (adv.)from there; then
dīmidium, -ī n.half
Latīnus, -a, -umLatin
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
dīvidō, -videre, -vīsī, -vīsusdivide, separate
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
aliquantum, -quantī, n.somewhat
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
possideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessushold, possess
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
crīminor, -ārī, -ātus sumaccuse, denounce, make charges against
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
pater, patris, m.father
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
possessor, -ōris m.owner, occupier (of land or property)
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
sed, conj.but
sollicitūdō, -tūdinis, f.anxiety, care, apprehension
īnsum, inesse, īnfuībe in, be present in (dat.)
largītiō, -ōnis f.lavish giving, bribery
perīculōsus, -a, -umdangerous
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
struō, -ere, strūxī, strūctusbuild, construct; arrange
tum, adv.then, at that time
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
lēx, lēgis f.law
agrārius, -a, -umof land; as noun agrāriī, -ōrum m. pl., supporters of land reform
prōmulgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspublish, propose (a law)
numquam, adv.never
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
memoria, -ae, f.memory
sine, prep. with abl.without
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
resistō, -sistere, -stitīstand back, resist
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
omnis, -eall, every
adversor, -ārī, -ātus sum (+ dat.)oppose, resist
prīmō, adv.at first
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
fastīdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfeel disgust at, be sick of, scorn
vulgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake common, spread abroad; (corpus) prostitute
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
saepe, adv.often, frequently
cōntiō, -ōnis f.assembly, meeting; speech to an assembly
veluteven or just as, as
vāticinor, -ārī, -ātus sumprophesy, foretell; rave
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
pestilēns, -entisunhealthy, deadly; baneful
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
via, -ae, f.road, way
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
enim, conj.for
assūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptustake up, receive; take to oneself
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
attineō (adtineō), -ēre, -tinuī, -tentumhold fast; concern, matter (nihil attinet: it is no use, there is no point)
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
tertius, -a, -umthird
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
nisi, conj.if not, unless
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
gēns, gentis, f.race, nation
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
iam, adv.now, already
dissuāsor, -ōris m.one who speaks against a proposal, opponent
intercessor, -ōris m.one who vetoes, obstructor; mediator, guarantor
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
certātim (adv.)eagerly, vying with one another
indulgeō, -ēre, indulsī (+ dat.)be kind to, favour
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
adsignō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassign, allot; put down to, impute to
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
quia (conj.)because
ambitiōsus, -a, -umeager for office or popularity, ambitious
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
que, enclitic conj.and
vīlis, -echeap, worthless
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
reconciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbring back, win back; reconcile
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
Siculus, -a, -umSicilian; fretum Siculum: the strait of Messina
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
retribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtusgive back, repay, recompense
populus, -ī m.people, nation
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
secus (prep. + acc.)beside, along
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
mercēs, mercēdis, f.pay, reward, wages
aspernor, -ārī, -ātus sumspurn, reject, scorn
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
suspīciō, -ōnis, f.suspicion
īnsitus, -a, -umimplanted, innate, natural
homō, hominis, m.man
abundō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumoverflow; have plenty of, abound in (+ abl.)
respuō, -ere, respuīreject
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcondemn
necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusput to death, slay, kill
cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrusstand together, agree; consist;
supplicium, -ī, n.punishment, torture
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
domus, -ūs, f.house, home
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
verberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbeat, flog
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
pecūlium, -ī n.private savings of a slave or son; one's own property; special possession
fīlius, -ī, m.son
cōnsecrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake sacred, consecrate
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
īnscrībō, -scrībere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptuswrite on, inscribe
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
quaestor, -ōris m.quaestor, a Roman official in charge of an army's funds
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
perduelliō, -ōnis f.high treason (an offence against the state)
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
dīruō, -ruere, -ruī, -rutuspull down, demolish
pūblicē (adv.)officially, as a state
aedēs, -is f.temple (sg.); house (pl.)
ārea, -ae f.open space, site, building plot
tellūs, -ūris f.earth, land (poetic)
cēterum (adv.)but, however; for the rest
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
domesticus, -a, -umof one's own home, domestic
quīntus, -a, -umfifth
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.