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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.27

Appius enforces the debt laws

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Liv. 2.27.1Fūsīs Auruncīs victor tot intrā paucōs diēs bellīs Rōmānus prōmissa cōnsulis fidemque senātūs expectābat, cum Appius et īnsitā superbiā animō et ut collēgae vānam faceret fidem, quam asperrimē poterat, iūs dē crēditīs pecūniīs dīcere.With the Aurunci routed, the Roman people, victorious in so many wars within a few days, was waiting for the consul's promises and the senate's pledge to be kept, when Appius, both from the arrogance inborn in his character and to make his colleague's pledge worthless, began to give judgment on debts as harshly as he could. Liv. 2.27.1Deinceps et, quī ante nexī fuerant, crēditōribus trādēbantur et nectēbantur aliī.From then on those who had been bondsmen before were handed over to their creditors, and others were made bondsmen. Liv. 2.27.2Quod ubi cui mīlitī inciderat, collēgam appellābat.Whenever this befell a soldier, he appealed to the other consul. Liv. 2.27.2Concursus ad Servīlium fīēbat;There was a rush to Servilius; Liv. 2.27.2illīus prōmissa iactābant;they kept throwing his promises in his face; Liv. 2.27.2illī exprobrābant sua quisque bellī merita cicātrīcēsque acceptās.they reproached him, each with his own services in war and the scars he had received.

Liv. 2.27.2Postulābant, ut aut referret ad senātum, aut auxiliō esset cōnsul cīvibus suīs, imperātor mīlitibus.They demanded that he either refer the matter to the senate or come to the help of his fellow citizens as consul and of his soldiers as commander. Liv. 2.27.2Movēbant cōnsulem haec, sed tergiversārī rēs cōgēbat;These things moved the consul, but the situation forced him to evade the issue; Liv. 2.27.3adeō in alteram causam nōn collēga sōlum praeceps erat, sed omnis factiō nōbilium.so headlong for the other side were not only his colleague but the whole faction of the nobles. Liv. 2.27.3Ita medium sē gerendō nec plēbis vītāvit odium nec apud patrēs grātiam iniit.So by taking a middle course he neither escaped the hatred of the plebs nor won favour with the senators. Liv. 2.27.4Patrēs mollem cōnsulem et ambitiōsum ratī, plēbēs fallācem;The senators thought the consul weak and a courter of popularity, the plebs thought him false; Liv. 2.27.4brevīque appāruit aequāsse eum Appiī odium.and it soon became clear that he had come to be as hated as Appius.

Liv. 2.27.4Certāmen cōnsulibus inciderat, uter dēdicāret Mercurī aedem.A dispute had arisen between the consuls as to which of them should dedicate the temple of Mercury. Liv. 2.27.5Senātus ā sē rem ad populum rēiēcit: utrī eōrum dēdicātiō iussū populī data esset, eum praeesse annōnae, mercātōrum collēgium īnstituere, sollemnia prō pontifice iussit suscipere.The senate passed the matter from itself to the people: whichever of them was given the dedication by order of the people, him it ordered to preside over the grain supply, establish a guild of merchants, and perform the rites in place of the pontiff. Liv. 2.27.6Populus dēdicātiōnem aedis dat M. Laetōriō, prīmī pīlī centuriōnī, quod facile appārēret nōn tam ad honōrem eius, cui cūrātiō altior fastīgiō suō data esset, factum quam ad cōnsulum ignōminiam.The people give the dedication of the temple to Marcus Laetorius, a chief centurion, so that it was easy to see that this was done not so much to honour him, to whom a charge above his rank had been given, as to disgrace the consuls. Liv. 2.27.7Saevīre inde utique cōnsulum alter patrēsque;From then on one of the consuls in particular, and the senators, raged; Liv. 2.27.7sed plēbī crēverant animī, et longē aliā quam prīmō īnstituerant viā grassābantur.but the plebs' spirits had risen, and they were going about it in a very different way from the one they had first adopted.

Liv. 2.27.8Dēspērātō enim cōnsulum senātūsque auxiliō, cum in iūs dūcī dēbitōrem vīdissent, undique convolābant.For, despairing of help from the consuls and the senate, whenever they saw a debtor being led into court they would come flying together from every side. Liv. 2.27.8Neque dēcrētum exaudīrī cōnsulis prae strepitū et clamōre poterat, neque, cum dēcrēsset, quisquam obtemperābat.Neither could the consul's decision be heard for the din and shouting, nor, when he had given it, did anyone obey. Liv. 2.27.9Vī agēbātur, metusque omnis et perīculum, cum in cōnspectū cōnsulis singulī ā plūribus violārentur, in crēditōrēs ā dēbitōribus verterant.Force prevailed, and all the fear and danger, since in the consul's sight individuals were being roughly handled by numbers, had passed from the debtors to the creditors. Liv. 2.27.9Super haec timor incessit Sabīnī bellī;On top of this came the fear of a Sabine war; Liv. 2.27.10dīlēctūque dēcrētō nēmō nōmen dedit, furente Appiō et īnsectante ambitiōnem collēgae, quī populārī silentiō rem pūblicam prōderet et ad id, quod dē crēditā pecūniā iūs nōn dīxisset, adiceret, ut nē dīlēctum quidem ex senātūs cōnsultō habēret: nōn esse tamen dēsertam omnīnō rem pūblicam neque prōiectum cōnsulāre imperium;and when a levy was decreed no one gave in his name, while Appius raged and attacked his colleague's courting of popularity, saying that he was betraying the state by a demagogue's silence and, on top of not giving judgment on debts, was not even holding a levy as the senate had decreed: yet the state was not wholly deserted, nor the consular authority thrown away; Liv. 2.27.11sē ūnum et suae et patrum maiestātis vindicem fore.he alone would be the champion of both his own majesty and the senators'.

Liv. 2.27.11Cum circumstāret cōtīdiāna multitūdō licentiā accēnsa, arripī ūnum īnsignem ducem sēditiōnum iussit.When the daily crowd, inflamed by licence, stood around him, he ordered one conspicuous ringleader of the disturbances to be seized. Liv. 2.27.12Ille cum ā līctōribus iam traherētur, prōvocāvit;When the man was already being dragged off by the lictors, he appealed; Liv. 2.27.12nec cessisset prōvocātiōnī cōnsul, quia nōn dubium erat populī iūdicium, nisi aegrē victa pertinācia foret cōnsiliō magis et auctōritāte prīncipum quam populī clamōre;and the consul would not have yielded to the appeal, since the people's verdict was not in doubt, had his obstinacy not been overcome with difficulty, by the advice and influence of the leading men rather than by the clamour of the people; Liv. 2.27.12adeō supererant animī ad sustinendam invidiam.so much spirit did he have to spare for withstanding hatred. Liv. 2.27.13Crēscere inde malum in diēs nōn clamōribus modo apertīs, sed, quod multō perniciōsius erat, sēcessiōne occultīsque conloquiīs.From then on the evil grew day by day, not only through open outcries but, what was far more dangerous, through withdrawal and secret meetings.

Liv. 2.27.13Tandem invīsī plēbī cōnsulēs magistrātū abeunt, Servīlius neutrīs, Appius patribus mīrē grātus.At last the consuls, hated by the plebs, leave office, Servilius liked by neither side, Appius remarkably popular with the senators.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×4, indirect statement ×4, gerunds and gerundives ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (234 words)
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
Auruncus, -a, -umAuruncan, of the Aurunci (an ancient people of Latium)
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
tot (indecl.)so many
intrā, prep. with acc.within
paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.few
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
bellum, -ī, n.war
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
prōmissum, -ī n.promise
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
que, enclitic conj.and
senātus, -ūs m.senate
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
īnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertumput in, insert
superbia, -ae f.pride, arrogance
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
vānus, -a, -umempty, idle, vain; in vanum: in vain
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
asperē (adv.)harshly, roughly, severely
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
pecūnia, -ae, f.money (the possession of cattle constituting wealth in early times)
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
deinceps (adv.)one after another, in succession
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
nectō, -ere, nexuī, nexustie, bind; contrive (a plot)
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
crēditor, -ōris m.creditor, lender
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
appellō, -pellāre, -pellāvī, -pellātuscall, name
concursus, -ūs m.a running together, charge
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
iactō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtoss about; discuss
exprobrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreproach, rebuke, blame (someone) for
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
meritum, -ī n.service, desert
cicātrīx, -īcis f.scar; mark left on a plant by a wound
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask, request, demand
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
sed, conj.but
tergiversor, -ārī, -ātus sumturn one's back; shuffle, evade, hold back
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
adeō (adv.)so far, to such a degree; so
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
nōn, adv.not
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
praeceps, -cipitisheadlong
omnis, -eall, every
factiō, -ōnis f.party, faction
nōbilis, -ewell-known, noble
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusavoid, escape
odium, -ī, n.hatred
apud, prep, with acc.among, with
pater, patris, m.father
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
mollis, -esoft, weak
ambitiōsus, -a, -umeager for office or popularity, ambitious
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
fallāx, -ācisdeceitful, treacherous
brevis, -eshort
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
uter, utra, utrumwhich? of two
dēdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdedicate, consecrate
aedēs, -is f.temple (sg.); house (pl.)
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
populus, -ī m.people, nation
rēiciō, -ere, rēiēcī, rēiectumthrow back, drive back
dēdicātiō, -ōnis f.dedication, consecration
iussus, -ūs, m.bidding, command
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
praesum, -esse, -fuībe before, preside over, have charge of, command
annōna, -ae f.the year's grain supply; the price of grain
mercātor, -ōris, m.trader, merchant
collēgium (conlēgium), -ī n.board, body of colleagues
īnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusdecide upon, determine
sollemnis, -esolemn, ritual, customary
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
pontifex, -icis m.priest, pontiff (pontifex maximus: chief priest of Rome)
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
suscipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptusundertake
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
pīlus, -ī m.maniple of veterans (prīmus pīlus: the chief centurion)
centuriō, -ōnis m.centurion (officer commanding about 80 men)
facile, adv.easily
tam, adv.so
honor, -ōris, m.honor
cūrātiō, -ōnis f.medical treatment, cure; care, management, charge
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
fastīgium, -ī n.top, summit; slope; height
ignōminia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
saeviō, -īre, -iī, -ītumrage
inde (adv.)from there; then
utique (adv.)certainly, by all means; yes indeed
crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētumgrow, rise (in power)
longē, adv.far
prīmō, adv.at first
via, -ae, f.road, way
grassor, -ārī, -ātus sumgo about, proceed; run riot, rage, attack
dēspērō, -spērāre, -spērāvī, -spērātusdespair
enim, conj.for
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
dēbitor, -ōris m.debtor
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
undique, adv.from or on all sides
convolō, -āre, -āvīflock together, rush together
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
exaudiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītumhear (from a distance)
prae (prep. + abl.)in comparison with; because of
strepitus, -ūs m.noise, din
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
dēcernō, -ere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētumdecide, decree
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
obtemperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusobey, comply with (+ dat.)
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
cōnspectus, -ūs, m.sight
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
plūrēs, -a, plur. adj.more, many, several
violō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusharm, violate
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
timor, -ōris, m.fear
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
Sabīnus, -a, -umSabine
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
furō, -ererage, rave, be mad
īnsector, -ārī, -ātus sumpursue, chase; harass
ambitiō, -ōnis f.canvassing for office; ambition, desire for honours
populāris, -eof the people; popular; courting the people (a 'popular' politician)
silentium, -ī n.silence; silentiō: in silence, quietly
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
prōdō, -ere, -didī, -ditumhand down; betray
quod, conj.that, in that, because
adiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow to, throw, hurl
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
cōnsultum, -ī n.decree (senātūs cōnsultum: a decree of the Senate)
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
omnīnō, adv.altogether, wholly, entirely
prōiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow forth or down, cast away, throw
cōnsulāris, -eof a consul, consular; as noun: ex-consul; comitia cōnsulāria: the consular elections
imperium, -ī, n.command; sway, rule
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
vindex, -icis m.avenger, punisher; protector
circumstō, -stāre, -stetīstand around
cottīdiānus, -a, -umdaily
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
arripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptusseize, snatch up
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
sēditiō, -ōnis f.riot, mutiny, discord
līctor, -ōris m.lictor, an attendant carrying the rods (fascēs) before a magistrate
iam, adv.now, already
trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctusdraw, drag
prōvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall forth or out, challenge
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
prōvocātiō, -ōnis f.appeal (to the people against a magistrate's sentence)
quia (conj.)because
dubius, -a, -umdoubtful, uncertain
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
nisi, conj.if not, unless
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
pertinācia, -ae f.stubbornness
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
auctōritās, -tātis f.influence, authority, prestige
prīnceps, -ipisfirst, chief; as noun: leader
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
invidia, -ae f.envy, jealousy, ill will
malum, -ī, n.evil, mischief
modo, adv.only
apertus, -a, -umopen
multō, adv.by much or far, much, far
perniciōsus, -a, -umdestructive, ruinous, dangerous
sēcessiō, -ōnis f.withdrawal, secession (of the plebs from Rome)
occultus, -a, -umhidden, secret
conloquium, -ī, n.conversation
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
invīsus, -a, -umhated, hateful (to: dat.)
magistrātus, -ūs m.magistrate, official
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
neuter, neutra, neutrumneither
mīrē (adv.)wonderfully, remarkably
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.