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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.20

Victory at Lake Regillus

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Liv. 2.20.1Referentibus iam pedem ab eā parte Rōmānīs M. Valerius, Pūblicolae frāter, cōnspicātus ferōcem iuvenem Tarquinium ostentantem sē in prīmā exulum aciē, domesticā etiam glōriā accēnsus, ut, cuius familiae decus ēiectī rēgēs erant, eiusdem interfectī forent, subdit calcāria equō et Tarquinium īnfestō spīculō petit.As the Romans on that side were already giving ground, Marcus Valerius, Publicola's brother, catching sight of the young Tarquinius boldly showing himself off in the front rank of the exiles, and fired also by the glory of his house, so that the family which had won honour from the expulsion of the kings might win it also from their death, sets spurs to his horse and makes for Tarquinius with levelled javelin. Liv. 2.20.2Tarquinius retrō in agmen suōrum īnfēnsō cessit hostī.Tarquinius drew back before his furious enemy into the ranks of his own men. Liv. 2.20.3Valerium temerē invectum in exulum aciem ex trānsversō quīdam adortus trānsfīgit, nec quicquam equitis vulnere equō retardātō moribundus Rōmānus lābentibus super corpus armīs ad terram dēflūxit.As Valerius rode recklessly into the line of the exiles, someone attacked him from the flank and ran him through; and since his horse was in no way slowed by its rider's wound, the dying Roman slid to the ground, his arms falling over his body.

Liv. 2.20.4Dictātor Postumius postquam cecidisse tālem virum, exulēs ferōciter citātō agmine invehī, suōs perculsōs cēdere animadvertit, cohortī suae, quam dēlēctam manum praesidiī causā circā sē habēbat, dat signum, ut, quem suōrum fugientem vīderint, prō hoste habeant.When the dictator Postumius noticed that such a man had fallen, that the exiles were charging boldly at a run, and that his own men were shaken and giving way, he gives the signal to his cohort, a picked band which he kept about him as a guard, to treat as an enemy any of their own men they saw in flight. Liv. 2.20.5Ita metū ancipitī versī ā fugā Rōmānī in hostem et restitūta aciēs.So, caught between two fears, the Romans turned from flight against the enemy and the line was restored. Liv. 2.20.6Cohors dictātōris tum prīmum proelium iniit;The dictator's cohort then entered the battle for the first time; Liv. 2.20.6integrīs corporibus animīsque fessōs adortī exulēs caedunt.fresh in body and spirit, they attack the weary exiles and cut them down. Liv. 2.20.7Ibi alia inter procerēs coorta pugna.Then another fight broke out among the leading men.

Liv. 2.20.7Imperātor Latīnus ubi cohortem exulum ā dictātōre Rōmānō prope circumventam vīdit, ex subsidiāriīs manipulōs aliquot in prīmam aciem sēcum rapit.The Latin commander, when he saw the cohort of exiles almost surrounded by the Roman dictator, hurries several maniples from the reserves into the front line with him. Liv. 2.20.8Hōs agmine venientēs T. Herminius lēgātus cōnspicātus interque eōs īnsignem veste armīsque Mamilium nōscitāns tantō vī maiōre, quam paulō ante magister equitum, cum hostium duce proelium iniit, ut et ūnō ictū trānsfīxum per latus occīderit Mamilium et ipse inter spoliandum corpus hostis verūtō percussus, cum victor in castra esset relātus, inter prīmam cūrātiōnem exspīrāverit.The legate Titus Herminius, catching sight of them as they came on in column and recognising among them Mamilius, conspicuous by his dress and armour, joined battle with the enemy leader with so much greater force than the master of the horse a little before, that he both killed Mamilius, running him through the side with a single thrust, and was himself struck by a javelin while stripping his enemy's body; and though he was carried back to camp as victor, he breathed his last while his wound was first being dressed.

Liv. 2.20.10Tum ad equitēs dictātor advolat obtestāns, ut fessō iam pedite dēscendant ex equīs et pugnam capessant.Then the dictator flies to the cavalry, imploring them, since the infantry were now exhausted, to dismount from their horses and take up the fight. Liv. 2.20.10Dictō pāruēre: dēsiliunt ex equīs, prōvolant in prīmum et prō antesignānīs parmās obiciunt.They obeyed the order: they leap down from their horses, rush forward to the front, and hold their shields before the front-rank men. Liv. 2.20.11Recipit extemplō animum pedestris aciēs, postquam iuventūtis procerēs aequātō genere pugnae sēcum partem perīculī sustinentēs vīdit.The infantry line at once recovers its spirit, when it saw the young nobles fighting on equal terms and sharing part of the danger with them. Liv. 2.20.12Tum dēmum inpulsī Latīnī, perculsaque inclīnāvit aciēs.Then at last the Latins were driven back, and their line, shaken, gave way. Liv. 2.20.12Equitī admōtī equī, ut persequī hostem posset;Horses were brought up to the cavalry so that they could pursue the enemy; Liv. 2.20.12secūta et pedestris aciēs.the infantry line followed as well. Liv. 2.20.12Ibi nihil nec dīvīnae nec hūmānae opis dictātor praetermittēns aedem Castorī vōvisse fertur ac prōnūntiāsse mīlitī praemia, quī prīmus, quī secundus castra hostium intrāsset;Then the dictator, neglecting no help either divine or human, is said to have vowed a temple to Castor and to have announced rewards for the soldiers who should be first and second to enter the enemy's camp; Liv. 2.20.12tantusque ardor fuit, ut eōdem impetū, quō fūderant hostem Rōmānī, castra caperent.and so great was their ardour that the Romans took the camp in the same charge with which they had routed the enemy.

Liv. 2.20.13Hōc modō ad lacum Rēgillum pugnātum est.Such was the battle fought at Lake Regillus. Liv. 2.20.13Dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre.The dictator and the master of the horse returned to the city in triumph.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×2, ablative absolute ×4, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (194 words)
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
iam, adv.now, already
pēs, pedis, m.foot
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
frāter, frātris, m.brother
cōnspicor, -ārī, -ātus sumcatch sight of
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
iuvenis, -is, m.young man, youth
ostentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshow, display; show off
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
exsul, -ulis m.exile, banished person
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
domesticus, -a, -umof one's own home, domestic
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
glōria, -ae, f.glory
accendō, -cendere, -cendī, -cēnsuskindle, light
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
familia, -ae f.household (incl. slaves and dependents)
decus, -oris n.honour, glory; what is fitting, propriety
ēiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow out; sē ēicere: rush out
rēx, rēgis, m.king
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
subdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusput under, apply
calcar, -āris n.spur
equus, -ī, m.horse
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
spīculum, -ī n.point, sharp tip; dart, arrow
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
retrō (adv.)backwards, behind, from behind
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
īnfēnsus, -a, -umhostile, angry (with: dat.)
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
temerē, adv.rashly
invehō, -ere, -vēxī, -vectuscarry in; (pass.) attack (in words): invehī in + acc., to inveigh against
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
trānsversus, -a, -umrunning across, crosswise
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
trānsfīgō, -fīgere, -fīxī, -fīxusthrust or pierce through, transfix
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
retardō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushold back, slow down, check
moribundus, -a, -umdying, at the point of death
lābor, lābī, lapsusslip, glide, fall
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
corpus, corporis, n.body
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
dēfluō, -ere, -flūxīflow down, fall down
dictātor, -ōris m.dictator, a magistrate given supreme power in an emergency
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
tālis, -esuch
vir, virī, m.man
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
citō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset in motion, urge on; citātus: swift, rushing
percellō, -ere, -culī, -culsusstrike down; dismay, crush
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn the mind to, observe
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
dēligō, -ligere, -lēgī, -lēctuschoose out, choose, select
manus, -ūs, f.hand
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
anceps, ancipitistwo-sided, on two fronts; doubtful
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
fuga, -ae, f.flight
restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset up again, put back, restore
tum, adv.then, at that time
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
que, enclitic conj.and
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
ibi, adv.in that place, there
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
procerēs, -um m. pl.chiefs, leading men
coorior, -orīrī, -ortusarise
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
Latīnus, -a, -umLatin
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
circumveniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventumsurround
subsidiārius, -a, -umheld in reserve; subsidiāriī: reserve troops
manipulus, -ī m.maniple (a company of soldiers)
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
vestis, -is, f.clothing, dress, robe
nōscitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusrecognize, make out
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
paulō, adv.by a little, a little, somewhat
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
magister, -trī, m.master
cum, prep, with abl.with
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
īctus, -ūs, m.blow
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
latus, lateris n.side, flank
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
spoliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstrip, rob
verūtum, -ī n.short javelin, dart
percutiō, -cutere, -cussī, -cussusstrike through, strike
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
victor, -ōris m.conqueror, victor
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
cūrātiō, -ōnis f.medical treatment, cure; care, management, charge
exspīrō, -spīrāre, -spīrāvī, -spīrātusbreathe out
advolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfly at, rush at
obtestor, -testārī, -testātuscall to witness; beseech, implore
pedes, peditis m.foot soldier
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb down, descend
capessō, -ere, -īvī, -ītustake hold of; rem pūblicam capessere: go into public life
dictum, -ī n.word, order (dictō audiēns: obedient)
pāreō, -ēre, -uīobey
dēsiliō, -silīre, -siluī, -sultusleap down
prōvolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdash out
antesignānus, -ī m.soldier who fights in front of the standards; antesignānī: front-line troops
parma, -ae f.small round shield
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
extemplō, adv.immediately, straightway, at once
pedester, -tris, -treon foot, infantry (pedestrēs cōpiae: infantry)
iuventūs, -ūtis f.youth; the young men
aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummake equal
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
dēmum, adv.at last
impellō, -pellere, -pulī, -pulsusdrive or urge on, incite, urge
inclīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, lean; incline, tend
admoveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove up, bring near
persequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, pursue
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
dīvīnus, -a, -umdivine, of the gods
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
ops, opis f.; pl. opēs, -umhelp; (pl.) resources, wealth, power
praetermittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missuslet pass, neglect, omit
aedēs, -is f.temple (sg.); house (pl.)
voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtusvow, promise
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusproclaim, announce
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
praemium, -ī, n.reward
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusgo within or into, enter
ardor, -ōris m.blaze, fire, glow; ardor caelī: a light in the sky
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsumpour; rout, scatter (an enemy)
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
lacus, -ūs, m.lake
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscelebrate a triumph; exult
urbs, urbis, f.city
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.