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Cicero · Pro Roscio Amerino

Pro Roscio 40

The cheated partners and the pupil

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Rosc. Am. 40.1Vidēte iam porrō cētera, iūdicēs, ut intellegātis fingī maleficium nūllum posse quō iste sēsē nōn contāminārit.Look now at the rest, gentlemen, so that you may understand that no crime can be imagined with which this man has not defiled himself. Rosc. Am. 40.1In rēbus minōribus socium fallere turpissimum est aequēque turpe atque illud dē quō ante dīxī;In lesser matters it is most disgraceful to cheat a partner, and just as disgraceful as that of which I spoke before; Rosc. Am. 40.1neque iniūriā, proptereā quod auxilium sibi sē putat adiūnxisse quī cum alterō rem commūnicāvit.and not without reason, because the man who has shared his affairs with another thinks he has gained help for himself. Rosc. Am. 40.1Ad cuius igitur fidem cōnfugiet, cum per eius fidem laeditur cui sē commīserit?To whose good faith, then, will he flee for refuge, when he is injured through the good faith of the man to whom he has entrusted himself? Rosc. Am. 40.1Atque ea sunt animadvertenda peccāta maximē quae difficillimē praecaventur.And those offences most deserve punishment which are hardest to guard against. Rosc. Am. 40.1Tēctī esse ad aliēnōs possumus, intimī multa apertiōra videant necesse est;We can keep ourselves covered towards strangers; those closest to us must see many things more openly; Rosc. Am. 40.1socium cavēre quī possumus?how can we guard against a partner?

Rosc. Am. 40.1quem etiam sī metuimus, iūs officī laedimus.even if we fear him, we injure the claims of duty. Rosc. Am. 40.1Rēctē igitur maiōrēs eum quī socium fefellisset in virōrum bonōrum numerō nōn putārunt habērī oportēre.Rightly, then, did our ancestors think that the man who had cheated a partner ought not to be counted among good men. Rosc. Am. 40.117At vērō T. Roscius nōn ūnum reī pecūniāriae socium fefellit, quod, tametsī grave est, tamen aliquō modō posse ferrī vidētur, vērum novem hominēs honestissimōs, eiusdem mūneris, lēgātiōnis, officī mandātōrumque sociōs, indūxit, dēcēpit, dēstituit, adversāriīs trādidit, omnī fraude et perfidiā fefellit;But Titus Roscius did not cheat a single partner in a money matter — which, though serious, still seems somehow bearable — but nine most honourable men, his partners in the same duty, embassy, office and commission, he led on, deceived, abandoned, handed over to their opponents, and cheated with every kind of fraud and treachery; Rosc. Am. 40.117quī dē scelere suspicārī eius nihil potuērunt, socium officī metuere nōn dēbuērunt, eius malitiam nōn vīdērunt, ōrātiōnī vānae crēdidērunt.men who could suspect nothing of his wickedness, ought not to have had to fear a partner in their office, did not see his malice, and believed his empty words.

Rosc. Am. 40.117Itaque nunc illī hominēs honestissimī propter istīus īnsidiās parum putantur cautī prōvidīque fuisse;And so now those most honourable men, because of his trickery, are thought to have been insufficiently cautious and far-sighted; Rosc. Am. 40.117iste quī initiō prōditor fuit, deinde perfuga, quī prīmō sociōrum cōnsilia adversāriīs ēnūntiāvit, deinde societātem cum ipsīs adversāriīs coiit, terret etiam nōs ac minātur tribus praediīs, hoc est praemiīs sceleris, ōrnātus.while he, who was first a traitor and then a deserter, who first disclosed his partners' plans to their opponents and then entered into partnership with those very opponents, even terrifies and threatens us, decked out with three estates, that is, with the rewards of his crime. Rosc. Am. 40.117In eius modī vītā, iūdicēs, in hīs tot tantīsque flāgitiīs hoc quoque maleficium dē quō iūdicium est reperiētis.In a life of this kind, gentlemen, among these many great outrages, you will find this crime too which is the subject of this trial. Rosc. Am. 40.118Etenim quaerere ita dēbētis: ubi multa avārē, multa audācter, multa improbē, multa perfidiōsē facta vidēbitis, ibi scelus quoque latēre inter illa tot flāgitia putātōte.For you ought to inquire in this way: where you see many things done greedily, many audaciously, many dishonestly, many treacherously, there believe that crime too lies hidden among all those outrages.

Rosc. Am. 40.118Tametsī hoc quidem minimē latet quod ita promptum et prōpositum est ut nōn ex illīs maleficiīs quae in illō cōnstat esse hoc intellegātur vērum ex hōc etiam, sī quō dē illōrum forte dubitābitur, convincātur.And yet this one at least is not hidden at all, for it is so plain and exposed to view that it is not inferred from those crimes which are known to be in him, but rather, if there is perhaps any doubt about one of those, it is proved by this one. Rosc. Am. 40.118Quid tandem, quaesō, iūdicēs?Well then, I ask, gentlemen? Rosc. Am. 40.118num aut ille lanista omnīnō iam ā gladiō recessisse vidētur aut hic discipulus magistrō tantulum dē arte concēdere?does that trainer seem to have retired altogether from the sword by now, or this pupil to yield even a little to his master in skill? Rosc. Am. 40.118Pār est avāritia, similis improbitās, eadem impudentia, gemina audācia.Their greed is equal, their dishonesty alike, their shamelessness the same, their audacity twin.

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Grammar in this passage: purpose clauses ×1, indirect statement ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (183 words)
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
iam, adv.now, already
porrō (adv.)further on; moreover
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
iūdex, iūdicis, m.judge
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictusinvent, make up
maleficium, -ī n.harm, wrongdoing
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
nōn, adv.not
contāminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusstain, defile
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
turpis, -edisgraceful
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
aequē (adv.)equally, just as; aequē ac: just as
que, enclitic conj.and
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
proptereāfor this reason; proptereā quod: because
quod, conj.that, in that, because
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
cum, prep, with abl.with
alter, -era, -erumone or the other (of two); another, second
commūnicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusshare; in the Gospels also: make common, make (ritually) unclean
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
igitur, conj.therefore
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
cōnfugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee for refuge
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
laedō, -ere, laesī, laesushurt, injure; break (an oath)
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn the mind to, observe
peccātum, -ī n.fault, sin
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
difficulter (adv.)with difficulty
praecaveō, -cavēre, -cāvī, -cautusbeware beforehand, beware, be on one's guard
tēctus, -a, -umhidden, secret, covert
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
intimus, -a, -uminnermost; most intimate; as noun: close friend
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
apertus, -a, -umopen
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautusbeware, take care; be on one's guard against, beware of
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
sī, conj.if
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
rēctē (adv.)rightly, properly; safely
maiōrēs, -um m. pl.ancestors
vir, virī, m.man
bonus, -a, -umgood
numerus, -ī, m.number
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
at, conj.but
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
pecūniārius, -a, -umof money; rēs pecūniāria: money, funds
tametsī (conj.)although
gravis, -eheavy; severe, grievous, serious
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
vērum (conj.)but, but in fact; nōn modo ... vērum etiam: not only ... but also
novem, indecl. adj.nine
homō, hominis, m.man
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
lēgātiō, -ōnis f.embassy, mission
mandātum, -ī n.order, instruction, message
indūcō, -dūcere, dūxī, -ductuslead in or on, move, excite
dēcipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptuscatch, deceive
dēstituō, -ere, -stituī, -stitūtumleave in the lurch, abandon
adversārius, -ī m.opponent, enemy
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
omnis, -eall, every
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
perfidia, -ae f.treachery, bad faith
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
suspicor, -spicārī, -spicātussuspect
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
malitia, -ae f.wickedness, malice
ōrātiō, -ōnis, f.speech; ōrātiōnem habēre, to deliver an oration, speak
vānus, -a, -umempty, idle, vain; in vanum: in vain
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
nunc, adv.now
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
īnsidiae, -ārum, f. plur.ambush; plot, stratagem
parum (comp. minus, superl. minimē)too little; minimē: least, not at all
cautus, -a, -umcareful, wary, on one's guard
prōvidus, -a, -umforeseeing, prudent, careful, provident
initium, -ī, n.beginning
prōditor, -ōris m.traitor
deinde, adv.then, next
perfuga, -ae m.deserter
prīmō, adv.at first
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
ēnūntiō, -nūntiāre, -nūntiāvī, -nūntiātusspeak out, announce, make known
societās, -ātis f.alliance, partnership
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
coeō, -īre, -iī, -itumcome together, assemble
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
nōsplur. of ego
minor, -ārī, -ātus sumthreaten (someone: dat.; with something: abl.)
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
praedium, -ī n.estate, farm
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
praemium, -ī, n.reward
ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusequip, adorn
vīta, -ae, f.life
tot (indecl.)so many
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
flāgitium, -ī n.shameful act, disgrace, outrage
quoque, adv.also
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertusfind, discover
etenim (conj.)for indeed, and in fact
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
avārē (adv.)greedily, out of avarice
audācter (adv.; comp. audācius)boldly
improbē (adv.)wickedly, shamelessly; immoderately
perfidiōsē (adv.)treacherously, faithlessly
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
ibi, adv.in that place, there
lateō, -ēre, -uīlie hid, be concealed
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
minimē, adv.least, very little; by no means, not at all
promptus, -a, -umready, eager
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
cōnstō, -stāre, -stitī, -stātūrusstand together, agree; consist;
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdoubt, hesitate
convincō, -ere, -vīcī, -victumprove guilty, expose
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
quaesō (defective)I beg, please
num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expecteduntranslatable
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
lanista, -ae m.trainer of gladiators
omnīnō, adv.altogether, wholly, entirely
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
gladius, -ī, m.sword
recēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo back, withdraw, retire
discipulus, -ī m.pupil, disciple
magister, -trī, m.master
tantulus, -a, -umso small
ars, artis, f.art
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
pār, parisequal
avāritia, -ae f.greed
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
improbitās, -ātis f.wickedness, dishonesty
impudentia, -ae f.shamelessness, effrontery
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino. Latin text: A. C. Clark, M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes I (Oxford, 1908), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.