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Cicero · Pro Roscio Amerino

Pro Roscio 22

Parricide demands a clear motive

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Rosc. Am. 22.1Respīrāre vīsus est quod nōn alius potius dīceret.He seemed to breathe again because it was no one else rather than I who was speaking. Rosc. Am. 22.1Coepī dīcere.I began to speak. Rosc. Am. 22.1Vsque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum iocārī atque aliās rēs agere ante quam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvī;Up to the moment, judges, when I named Chrysogonus, I noticed that he was joking and busy with other things; Rosc. Am. 22.1quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est.but as soon as I touched on him, the fellow at once sat up and seemed astonished. Rosc. Am. 22.1Intellēxī quid eum pepugisset.I understood what had stung him. Rosc. Am. 22.1Iterum ac tertiō nōmināvī.I named him a second and a third time. Rosc. Am. 22.1Posteā hominēs cursāre ultrō et citrō nōn dēstitērunt, crēdō, quī Chrȳsogonō nūntiārent esse aliquem in cīvitāte quī contrā voluntātem eius dīcere audēret;After that, people kept running to and fro, to tell Chrysogonus, I suppose, that there was someone in the state who dared to speak against his wishes; Rosc. Am. 22.1aliter causam agī atque ille exīstimāret, aperīrī bonōrum ēmptiōnem, vexārī pessimē societātem, grātiam potentiamque eius neglegī, iūdicēs dīligenter attendere, populō rem indignam vidērī.that the case was being conducted otherwise than he had supposed, the purchase of the property was being exposed, the partnership was being very roughly handled, his influence and power were being disregarded, the judges were listening carefully, and the people thought the affair outrageous.

Rosc. Am. 22.61Quae quoniam tē fefellērunt, Erucī, quoniamque vidēs versa esse omnia, causam prō Sex. Rosciō, sī nōn commodē, at līberē dīcī, quem dedī putābās dēfendī intellegis, quōs trāditūrōs spērābās vidēs iūdicāre, restitue nōbīs aliquandō veterem tuam illam calliditātem atque prūdentiam, cōnfitēre hūc eā spē vēnisse quod putārēs hīc latrōcinium, nōn iūdicium futūrum.Since these things have deceived you, Erucius, and since you see that everything has been turned round, that the case for Sextus Roscius is being pleaded, if not skilfully, at least freely, that the man you thought had been handed over you realise is being defended, that those you hoped would hand him over you see are judging him, give us back at last that old cunning and shrewdness of yours, and confess that you came here in the hope that there would be a robbery here, not a trial. Rosc. Am. 22.61Dē parricīdiō causa dīcitur;The charge being tried is parricide; Rosc. Am. 22.61ratiō ab accūsātōre reddita nōn est quam ob causam patrem fīlius occīderit.no reason has been given by the accuser why the son killed his father.

Rosc. Am. 22.62Quod in minimīs noxiīs et in hīs leviōribus peccātīs quae magis crēbra et iam prope cōtīdiāna sunt vel maximē et prīmum quaeritur, quae causa maleficī fuerit, id Erucius in parricīdiō quaerī nōn putat oportēre.What in the smallest offences, and in those lighter faults which are more frequent and by now almost daily, is asked above all and first, namely what the motive for the crime was, that Erucius thinks need not be asked in a case of parricide. Rosc. Am. 22.62In quō scelere, iūdicēs, etiam cum multae causae convēnisse ūnum in locum atque inter sē congruere videntur, tamen nōn temerē crēditur, neque levī coniectūrā rēs penditur, neque testis incertus audītur, neque accūsātōris ingeniō rēs iūdicātur.In that crime, judges, even when many motives seem to have come together in one place and to agree with one another, still it is not believed rashly, nor is the matter weighed on slight conjecture, nor is an unreliable witness heard, nor is the case decided by the accuser's cleverness. Rosc. Am. 22.62Cum multa anteā commissa maleficia, cum vīta hominis perditissima, tum singulāris audācia ostendātur necesse est, neque audācia sōlum sed summus furor atque āmentia.There must be shown not only many crimes committed earlier and a man's utterly abandoned life, but also a singular audacity, and not audacity alone but the utmost frenzy and madness.

Rosc. Am. 22.62Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent oportet expressa sceleris vestīgia, ubi, quā ratiōne, per quōs, quō tempore maleficium sit admissum.Even when all these are present, there must still be clear traces of the crime: where, by what means, through whom, at what time the crime was committed. Rosc. Am. 22.62Quae nisi multa et manifesta sunt, profectō rēs tam scelesta, tam atrōx, tam nefāria crēdī nōn potest.And unless these are many and manifest, surely a deed so wicked, so atrocious, so unholy cannot be believed. Rosc. Am. 22.63Magna est enim vīs hūmānitātis;For great is the force of human feeling; Rosc. Am. 22.63multum valet commūniō sanguinis;the bond of blood counts for much; Rosc. Am. 22.63reclāmitat istīus modī suspīciōnibus ipsa nātūra;nature herself cries out against suspicions of that kind; Rosc. Am. 22.63portentum atque mōnstrum certissimum est esse aliquem hūmānā speciē et figūrā quī tantum immānitāte bēstiās vīcerit ut, propter quōs hanc suāvissimam lūcem aspēxerit, eōs indignissimē lūce prīvārit, cum etiam ferās inter sēsē partus atque ēducātiō et nātūra ipsa conciliet.it is a most certain portent and prodigy that there should be anyone in human shape and form who has so far surpassed the beasts in savagery that he has most shamefully robbed of the light those through whom he first beheld this sweetest light, when even wild animals are bound to one another by birth and rearing and by nature herself.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×14

Latin vocabulary for this passage (205 words)
respīrō, -spīrāre, -spīrāvī, -spīrātusbreathe back or out, breathe
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quod, conj.that, in that, because
nōn, adv.not
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
potius (adv.)rather
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
ūsque, adv.all the time; ūsque ad, as far as, until; quō ūsque, see quō
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
animadvertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn the mind to, observe
iūdex, iūdicis, m.judge
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
iocor, -ārī, -ātus sumjoke, jest, play
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumname, mention
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctustouch at
statim, adv.on the spot, forthwith, at once, immediately
homō, hominis, m.man
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ērigō, -rigere, -rēxī, -rēctusraise or set up, raise, lift; cheer, encourage
mīror, -ārī, -ātuswonder, wonder at
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
pungō, -ere, pupugī, pūnctusprick, sting; (fig.) trouble, vex
iterum, adv.again, a second time
tertiō (adv.)for the third time
posteā, adv.after this, afterwards
cursō, -ārerun about, run to and fro
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
citrō (adv.)this way (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
dēsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusset down; leave off, desist, cease, stop
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreport, announce
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
voluntās, -tātis, f.wish, will
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
aliter, adv.in another way, otherwise, differently
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
aperiō, -īre, -uī, -tusopen
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
ēmptiō, -ōnis f.purchase, buying; thing bought
vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumharass, ravage
male, adv.badly, ill
societās, -ātis f.alliance, partnership
grātia, -ae, f.favor; gratitude, thanks; plur., thanks; grātiās agere, to give thanks, thank; grātiam referre, to return a favor, show gratitude, requite
potentia, -ae f.power, influence
que, enclitic conj.and
neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusdisregard, neglect
dīligenter, adv.carefully, diligently
attendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusturn one's mind to, pay attention, notice
populus, -ī m.people, nation
indignus, -a, -umunworthy; shameful
quoniam, conj.since now, since
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsusdeceive
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
omnis, -eall, every
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
sī, conj.if
commodē (adv.)conveniently, easily, well
at, conj.but
līberē (adv.; comp. līberius)freely, frankly
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
dēfendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusward off; defend
trādō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive across, over, or up, deliver; hand down, relate, report
spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushope
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
restituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset up again, put back, restore
nōsplur. of ego
aliquandō, adv.at some time or other; finally, at length
vetus, veterisold, former
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
calliditās, -ātis f.shrewdness, cunning
prūdentia, -ae, f.prudence
cōnfiteor, -ērī, -fessus sumadmit, confess
hūc, adv.to this place, hither
spēs, speī, f.hope
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
latrōcinium, -ī n.robbery, raiding
iūdicium, -ī n.trial, court; judgment
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
parricīdium, -ī n.murder of a parent; treason, murderous attack on one's country
ratiō, -ōnis, f.plan, means, method, manner; reason; account
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
accūsātor, -ōris m.accuser, prosecutor
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
pater, patris, m.father
fīlius, -ī, m.son
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
noxia, -ae f.offense, crime
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
levis, -elight, slight
peccātum, -ī n.fault, sin
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
crēber, -bra, -brumfrequent, numerous; close together
iam, adv.now, already
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
cottīdiānus, -a, -umdaily
velor; vel … vel: either … or
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
maleficium, -ī n.harm, wrongdoing
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
congruō, -ere, -uīagree, fit, coincide
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
temerē, adv.rashly
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
coniectūra, -ae f.guess, inference
pendō, pendere, pependī, pēnsusweigh out, pay
testis, -is m./f.witness
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
anteā, adv.before
committō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend together; commit, intrust; expose; proelium committere, to join battle
vīta, -ae, f.life
perditus, -a, -umabandoned, desperate
tum, adv.then, at that time
singulāris, -esingle; remarkable
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
necesse, indecl. adj.necessary
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
sed, conj.but
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
furor, -ōris, m.rage, fury, frenzy, madness
āmentia, -ae, f.madness
exstō, -ārestand out; appear, arise
exprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress out
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
admittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend to, admit; allow
nisi, conj.if not, unless
manifestus, -a, -umplain, clear; caught in the act
profectō, adv.certainly, surely
tam, adv.so
scelestus, -a, -umwicked, criminal
atrōx, -ōcissavage, cruel, dreadful
nefārius, -a, -umwicked, criminal
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
enim, conj.for
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
hūmānitās, -tātis f.culture, refinement
multum, -ī, n.much
valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrusbe strong or effectual, have effect, prevail
commūniō, -ōnis f.sharing, partnership, common bond
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
reclāmitō, -ārecry out against, protest loudly
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.that of yours, that
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
suspīciō, -ōnis, f.suspicion
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
portentum, -ī n.omen, portent, marvel
mōnstrum, -ī, n.wonder, monster
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
figūra, -ae, f.form, shape, figure
tantum, adv.so much or far, only
immānitās, -tātis, f.cruelty, barbarity
bestia, -ae f.beast, wild animal
vincō, -ere, vīcī, victumconquer, defeat
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
suāvis, -esweet, pleasant
lūx, lūcis, f.light
aspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectuslook at or on, behold
indignē (adv.)shamefully, undeservedly
prīvō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdeprive (of: abl.)
fera, -ae, f.wild animal, beast
partus, -ūs m.birth; offspring
ēducātiō, -ōnis f.bringing up, rearing, upbringing
conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumwin over; win, obtain
Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino. Latin text: A. C. Clark, M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes I (Oxford, 1908), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.